Test 2

Question 1

According to Freud, ___________ is the critical period of life during which the socialization process occurs.

adolescents
young adulthood
early childhood
the first year of life

Answer 1

early childhood

Freud emphasizes early childhood as essential for socialization.

Question 2

Which one of the following psychologists captures the process by which we learn new statuses and roles?

Freud
Piaget
Erikson
Gilligan

Answer 2

Erikson

Erikson’s theories focus on the lifelong process of socialization.

Question 3

Which one of the following concepts is most closely associated with the theory of mind?

Role-taking
Play
imitation
self esteem

Answer 3

Role-taking

Role-taking is essential for understanding others’ perspectives.

Question 4

Which theorist developed a scale for measuring moral development that was biased toward young males?

Jean Piaget
Sigmund Freud
G. H. Mead
Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 4

Lawrence Kohlberg

Kohlberg’s moral development scale has been critiqued for its sample bias.

Question 5

Which theorist proposed that our self (ego) is the result of two internal forces?

Jean Piaget
Sigmund Freud
G. H. Mead
Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 5

Sigmund Freud

Freud described the id and super-ego as conflicting forces in personality.

Question 6

Based on the YouTube video that we watched in class, the false belief test is used to demonstrate _________.

how stupid humans are
the main point of the mock prison experiment
the presidential campaign
the theory of mind

Answer 6

the theory of mind

The false belief test assesses an individual’s understanding of others’ perspectives.

Question 7

Which theorist said, ‘We have as many selves as there are people who have an opinion of us?’

G. H Mead
Charles Horton Cooley
William James
Karl Marx

Answer 7

William James

Cooley’s perspective highlights the social nature of self-identity.

Question 8

Which theorist is known for his concept of the ‘Looking Glass Self?’

G. H Mead
Charles Horton Cooley
William James
Karl Marx

Answer 8

Charles Horton Cooley

Cooley’s ‘Looking Glass Self’ emphasizes how self-perception is shaped by social interactions.

Question 9

According to G. H Mead, a child begins to role-take with others during which of the following stages?

Imitation
Games
Play
Minding

Answer 9

Play

Mead identified the ‘Play’ stage as critical for learning social roles.

Question 10

The purpose of a total institution is _________.

supervision to ensure the integrity of the individual’s personality
resocialization to alter or transform the individual’s personality
supervision to help rehabilitate and adjust to a “normal” life on the outside
to provide the freedom and security for members to learn

Answer 10

resocialization to alter or transform the individual’s personality

Total institutions aim to change individuals’ identities and behaviors.

Question 11

Degradation rituals are used by the dominant group to __________ the members of the subordinate group

Depersonalize
Infantilize
Dehumanize
Role strain

Answer 11

Depersonalize

These terms describe the various ways in which the dominant group may undermine the identity and humanity of the subordinate group.

Question 12

Which term captures what happens to members of the subordinate group over time?

Depersonalization
Infantilization
Dehumanization
Role strain

Answer 12

Dehumanization

This term may also explain the high recidivism rate for those who try to leave the subordinate group.

Question 13

All of the following are examples of total institutions except ________.

Universities
the Military
Prisons
Mental Institutions

Answer 13

Universities

Total institutions include environments where individuals are isolated from society and controlled by an authority.

Question 14

All of the following are agents of socialization except ________.

Police
Peers
Parents
the Media

Answer 14

Police

Agents of socialization include entities like peers, parents, and the media that influence individuals’ beliefs and behaviors.

Question 15

According to Mead, in which stage are we able to role-take with people who are not co-present with us?

Imitation
Games
Play
Minding

Answer 15

Minding

Mead’s theory outlines different stages of social development, with the ‘Games’ stage allowing for complex role-taking.

Question 16

Which theoretical perspective provides insight into how we modify our behavior as we navigate situations?

structural functionalism
strain theory
conflict
dramaturgy

Answer 16

Dramaturgy

This perspective compares social interaction to theatrical performance, highlighting the roles we play in different contexts.

Question 17

Which theoretical perspective uses ‘breaching experiments’ to expose the ‘taken-for-granted’ world?

symbolic interaction
dramaturgy
ethnomethodology
conflict

Answer 17

Ethnomethodology

Breaching experiments demonstrate the underlying norms of social interactions by intentionally violating them.

Question 18

What happened at the end of Zimbardo’s prison experiment?

Everyone escaped
The subjects were admitted into a mental institution
The subjects completed boot camp and went on to serve in the military
The experiment was called off early because the subjects became too traumatized

Answer 18

The experiment was called off early because the subjects became too traumatized

Zimbardo’s study highlighted the psychological effects of perceived power and authority.

Question 19

Humor, excuses, disclaimers, and justifications are all examples of ________.

role-taking
breaches of the social order
aligning actions
emotions

Answer 19

Aligning actions

Aligning actions are strategies used to restore social order or mitigate the impact of a breach.

Question 20

Which is used prior to a minor breach of the social order to minimize disruption?

an apology
a justification
an excuse
a disclaimer

Answer 20

A disclaimer

Disclaimers are preemptive statements that aim to lessen the impact of a potential breach in social norms.

Question 21

Which theoretical perspective uses the terms backstage, front-stage, and impression management to understand face-to-face interaction?

symbolic interaction
conflict
ethnomethodology
dramaturgy

Answer 21

dramaturgy

Dramaturgy, developed by Erving Goffman, examines social interactions as performances.

Question 22

What is the example of President Bush admitting that the evidence for the War against Iraq was faulty but still justifying the war?

an apology
a justification
an excuse
a disclaimer

Answer 22

a justification

Justification refers to providing reasons for actions, often to defend decisions.

Question 23

Which occupation illustrates how feeling rules govern emotional expression on the job according to Arlie Hochschild?

actors
computer technicians
airline attendants
politicians

Answer 23

airline attendants

Airline attendants often manage emotions to ensure customer satisfaction.

Question 24

_________ is a feeling, whereas ________ is an emotion.

arousal, love
hunger, eating
love, sex
guilt, hunger

Answer 24

arousal, love

Arousal can be a physiological state, while love is an emotional experience.

Question 25

What is the first thing we do as we navigate from situation to situation to determine our behavior? impression management presentation of self define the situation select the appropriate status/role

Answer 25

define the situation ## Footnote Defining the situation helps us understand how to act in social contexts.

Question 26

All of the following are considered primary emotions except _______. Anger Jealousy Fear Sadness

Answer 26

Jealousy ## Footnote Primary emotions typically include basic feelings like anger, fear, and sadness.

Question 27

Which experiment illustrates how we alter our perceptions under the pressure of an authority figure? Milgram Asch Sherif Plato

Answer 27

Milgram ## Footnote The Milgram experiment demonstrated obedience to authority even against personal conscience.

Question 28

Which experiment illustrates how we alter our perceptions under group pressure? Milgram Asch Sherif Zimbardo

Answer 28

Asch ## Footnote The Asch conformity experiments showed how group dynamics can influence individual judgments.

Question 29

The statement 'What a person believes to be real, becomes real, in its consequences' is known as ______. recidivism the looking-glass self ritualism Thomas’ Theorem

Answer 29

Thomas’ Theorem ## Footnote Thomas’ Theorem emphasizes the importance of perception in social interactions.

Question 30

Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as a/an _____. closed group secondary group reference group primary group

Answer 30

primary group ## Footnote Primary groups are characterized by close, personal relationships, such as family and close friends.

Question 31

All of the following are true regarding secondary groups except ______. they are relatively formal and unemotional they have very similar characteristics to primary groups They are goal-oriented They are based on temporary relationships

Answer 31

they have very similar characteristics to primary groups ## Footnote Secondary groups are typically more formal and unemotional, goal-oriented, and based on temporary relationships.

Question 32

Which one of the following answers demonstrates a 'group-think' dynamic (Janis’ research)? a. A group shares information widely and makes an excellent decision b. A group leader seeks a variety of opinions from a range of people and as a result, makes an excellent decision c. A leader pitches his plan to a group of subordinates and no one wants to offer a critique of the leaders plan, nor does anyone want to be the only one in the group to offer a critique, and as a result the leader makes a poor policy decision d. A group seeks opinion differences, and as a result makes a poor decision

Answer 32

A leader pitches his plan to a group of subordinates and no one wants to offer a critique of the leaders plan, nor does anyone want to be the only one in the group to offer a critique, and as a result the leader makes a poor policy decision ## Footnote Group-think occurs when group cohesion and conformity pressures lead to a lack of critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints.

Question 33

What types of formal organizations are also called voluntary associations? normative organizations utilitarian organizations coercive organizations total institutions

Answer 33

normative organizations ## Footnote Normative organizations are characterized by members who join based on shared values or goals.

Question 34

Total institutions are examples of __________. normative organizations utilitarian organizations coercive organizations voluntary associations

Answer 34

coercive organizations ## Footnote Total institutions are places where individuals are cut off from the wider community and lead an enclosed, formally administered life.

Question 35

Which one of the following is not a principle component of 'McDonaldization'? Creativity Predictability Efficiency Control through automation

Answer 35

Creativity ## Footnote McDonaldization emphasizes predictability, efficiency, and control through automation.

Question 36

To what does the McDonaldization of society refer? the proliferation of fast-food restaurants McDonald’s organizational principles are coming to dominate not only the private sector but also the public sector as well Bureaucracies are becoming more inefficient and wasteful Bureaucracies are becoming more consumer friendly

Answer 36

McDonald’s organizational principles are coming to dominate not only the private sector but also the public sector as well ## Footnote This concept illustrates how principles of fast-food restaurants are being applied to various sectors of society.

Question 37

All of the following are common characteristics of a bureaucracy except ______. formal written communication technical competence rules and regulations wheel-shaped organizational structure

Answer 37

wheel-shaped organizational structure ## Footnote Bureaucracies typically feature formal written communication, technical competence, and established rules and regulations.

Question 38

All of the following were mentioned by Weber as problems that are associated with bureaucracies except? waste red tape imperialism inefficiency all of the above were identified as problems with bureaucracies by Weber

Answer 38

imperialism ## Footnote Weber identified waste, red tape, and inefficiency as significant issues within bureaucratic systems.

Question 39

____ refers to the attitudes, behaviors, and feelings that are associated with being male or female? gender intersexuality sex patriarchy

Answer 39

gender ## Footnote Gender encompasses the social and cultural roles that societies assign to individuals based on their perceived sex.

Question 40

Breasts, buttocks, lips, and body hair are all examples of ______ sexual characteristics. primary secondary tertiary male

Answer 40

secondary ## Footnote Secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction.

Question 41

_________ is a term used to describe someone who has a balance of gender - both masculine and feminine characteristics. intersexual Androgyny transgender Drag Queen

Answer 41

Androgyny ## Footnote Androgyny refers to the blending of both male and female traits in an individual.

Question 42

Which theoretical perspective focuses on how we express and communicate our sexuality in everyday life? Structural Functionalism Strain Conflict Symbolic Interaction

Answer 42

Symbolic Interaction ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes the meaning and interactions surrounding sexuality.

Question 43

Which one of the following theoretical perspectives directs our attention to the promiscuity, chastity, inequality model of human sexuality as evidence of the double standard that govern the sexes? Structural Functionalism Conflict Symbolic Interactionism ethnomethodology

Answer 43

Conflict ## Footnote This perspective examines the inequalities and power dynamics in societal norms.

Question 44

Which theoretical approach suggests that deviance may result from a genetic disorder or chemical imbalance, acquired either in early childhood or at some point during the life-course? Biological Cultural psychological sociological

Answer 44

Biological ## Footnote This approach focuses on the physical and psychological factors influencing behavior.

Question 45

Which theoretical perspective advocates for human sexuality to be confined to married heterosexual adults trying to conceive? a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. dramaturgy

Answer 45

Structural Functionalism ## Footnote This perspective views traditional family structures as essential for societal stability.

Question 46

What do OBGYN doctors rely on to assign a newborn a sex immediately after birth? a. Primary sexual characteristics b. Secondary sexual characteristics c. Tertiary sexual characteristics d. All of the above

Answer 46

Primary sexual characteristics ## Footnote These characteristics are the anatomical features used for sex determination.

Question 47

During the middle ages, a woman's epileptic seizure in church would likely be explained by way of _______? a. genetic disorder b. disease / illness c. demonic possession d. She's a liberal

Answer 47

demonic possession ## Footnote This reflects historical beliefs linking illness to supernatural causes.

Question 48

Which explanation of deviance was most popular during the early 20th century? a. illness / disease b. sin c. genetics d. politics

Answer 48

illness / disease ## Footnote This view attributed deviant behavior to medical conditions.

Question 49

Which explanation of deviant behavior is most prevalent today? a. genetics b. illness / disease c. sin d. politics

Answer 49

illness / disease ## Footnote Modern perspectives often consider psychological and physical health in understanding deviance.

Question 50

The sociology of deviance is solely interested in criminal behavior. True False

Answer 50

False ## Footnote The sociology of deviance encompasses various forms of deviant behavior beyond just criminality.