Test 2 Flashcards
(63 cards)
What are the 6 virtues shared by the world?
• WISDOM & KNOWLEDGE — cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge
• COURAGE — emotional strengths that involve the exercise of will in the face of opposition, wether external or internal
• HUMANITY — interpersonal strengths that involve “tending ad befriending” others
• JUSTICE — civic strengths that underline healthy community life
• TEMPERANCE — forgiving those who have done wrong
• TRANSCENDENCE — strengths that forge connections to the larger universe and provide meaning
What is forgiveness and how does it benefit the person
• When one forgives, it offsets debilitating effects of anger, and hostility. It gives up the desire for revenge. Thought of as an altruistic gift for oneself.
Genuine forgiveness involves:
o Compassion
o Benevolence
o Letting go of revenge, resentment, and avoidance
• Forgiveness has to be genuine – not out of obligation and have to be ready to do it
• When forgiving someone it lowers harmful physiological arousal such as blood pressure possibly due to decreased levels of anger
• Forgiving married couples are happier
o It expresses and enhances close/caring relationships, It expresses love, empathy, and commitment and It enhances mutual feelings
Explain the main points in Dr Luskin’s talk
• Dr. Fred Luskin had to let go by saying it hurts but it’s not my problem. He had to let it go by stop talking about it, and stoping using it as an excuse.
• If you can expand tour emotional bandwidth it is easier to accept that something didn’t go well. You must feel the pain but can’t obsess and hold on to it. Must find inner resources to cope and say the right things to yourself
• We use our minds and turn wrongdoings into an obsession rather than feeling it and letting it go. It seeps into schemas of who we think we are and each time it gets deeper which leads to feelings of pity and confinement regarding who you are which triggers stress responses when something happens
• Have to teach ourselves not to be so attached to negatives since it negatively affects one’s health and focus on current relationships that matter to be less hung-up on the past
Explain emmons and McCullough study
• Study of students for 10 weeks which had 3 groups:
o GRATEFUL — think over the last week and write down things in life to be grateful or thankful for
o HASSLES — many irritants and annoying things in life and written them down
o EVENTS/NEUTRAL — write down things that impact them
• RESULTS: over the 10 weeks, the grateful group felt better about themselves and life. They were more grateful and generally has fewer negative emotions, health problems, ad more. There was a significant difference in these results for grateful group compared to two other groups.
Explain the study on gratefulness among neuromuscular disease sufferers
• Recruited people from a neuromuscular disease clinic and did a 21-day diary study. They only did well-being measures — no manipulation of conditions. Did grateful manipulation — thought about things that they are grateful or thankful for.
• RESULTS: the grateful group had higher well-being, more optimistic about the future, more frequent positive emotions, better sleep, and were more coerced to others. Results were also confirmed by spouses, loved ones, or others in their surroundings.
Explain gratitude and the upward spiral of well being
• Gratitude may contribute to positive emotions in an upward spiral of well being since:
o Promotes savoring
o Improves self-worth and self-esteem
o Helps cope with stress and trauma — decreases stress in the envious system
o Encourages moral behavior
o Builds social bonds, strengthens relationships, and nurtures new ones
o Inhibits social comparisons — since person will already be grateful for what they have
o Incompatible with negative emotions — counteracts them
o Reduces hedonic adaptation
What is gratitude ad what are its benefits
• Gratitude is considered a virtu. Ingratitude it considered a vice. It has 3 moral ad social functions:
o Moral barometer – kind acts
o Moral motive – as a motive to motivate us to do and continue to pass to others
o Moral reinforcer
• Stems from being a recipient of helpful acts. It is stronger. When the help is freely given and it involves costs and sacrifices; genuineness is important
• Gratitude enhances the well-being of the giver and the receiver and the quality of relationships
What is Ann mastens definition of resilience
class of phenomenon characterized by good outcomes despite serious threats to adaptation or development
What is ryff & singer’s definition of resilience
maintenance, recovery, or improvement in mental or physical health following change
What is bonnano’s definition of resilience
maintain relatively stable and healthy levels of physical and psychological functioning despite exposure to trauma
Explain stress vs. Resilience
1) Stress — any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby affect ones coping abilities
2) Resilience — refers to humans ability to bounce back and thrive in the face of life’s challenges. Resilience is most commonly understood as a process and not a personality trait
How is resilience different from recovery
1) Recovery — normal functioning is disrupted at or below threshold for psychopathology, severe distress for a few months. Gradually return to pre-trauma levels after 1-2 years
2) Resilience to loss and trauma is the ability in otherwise normal circumstances exposed to isolated and disruptive events (death, violence, etc) relatively maintain stable and healthy levels of physical and psychological functioning
4 points on how resilience is common
1) 10-15% of bereaved people suffer from chronic depression/distress. Many others have time-limited symptoms
2) 50% show only low degrees of depression or symptoms. One study shows that 50% don’t even show mild depression symptoms
3) No empirical study ever shows delayed grief
4) Before and after studies of trauma dot support that these people are cold, superficial attachment to deceased people among resilient people
What are the 3 protective factors for trauma for children
• INDIVIDUAL:
o Good intellectual and problem solving
o Easy going and adoptable temperament
o Positive self-image
o Optimistic outlook
o Ability to regulate and control emotions
o Health sense of humor
• FAMILY:
o Close relationships with family
o Warm and supportive parenting/marriage with minimal conflict
o Adequate financial resources
o Parents involved in education
o Structured and organized family life
• COMMUNITY:
o Having a good school/job
o Being involved in social organizations within school and community
o Living in neighborhood with a sense of community — caring people who address problems
o Living in a safe environment
o Easily available and high-quality emergency, public health, and social services
What are the 6 sources of resilience in adulthood
• Self acceptance
• Personal growth
• Purpose in life — regarding jobs, spirituality, etc
• Autonomy — independent ad okay with doing things on own
• Environmental mastery — mastered domains of environment such as home, job, family
• Positive relations with others — people who are more resilient have more social support
Stats on resilience to violence and life threatening events
• 50% of Americans exposed to traumatic events/stress but 5-10% developed symptoms of PTSD
• Surveys show that majority do not experience/develop PTSD symptoms. % of those who did:
o L.A riots — 6.6-9.9%
o Gulf war — 12.5%
o Physical assault 17.8%
o Hospitalized car accidents — 16.5%
o 9/11 — 7.5% — 7.4% had sub-syndrome PTSD
What are the 3 negative effects of trauma
• CRISIS OF SAFETY — belief in personal invulnerability (before trauma), after: thinking that the trauma could occur to anyone
• CRISIS OF MEANING — perception of the world as meaning and comprehensible, belief in a just world decreases
• CRISIS OF SELF — have difficulty viewing self in a positive life which is something that typically occurs
What are the 4 positive effects of trauma (positive growth)
• Realizing one’s strengths
• Can make you appreciate life more
• Brings focus into one’s values
• People often change may aspects of their lives
What are the 3 changes in aftermath of trauma and loss
1) CHANGES IN PERCEPTION OF LIFE
• Increases feelings of strength, confidence, self-reliance. Survivors’ mentality not victim mentality
2) CHANGES IN RELATIONSHIPS
• Closer ties to family and appreciation of its significance
• Greater emotional disclosure ad feelings of closeness to others
• More compassion for others and willingness to give to others
3) CHANGES IN LIFES PRIORITIES
• Increased appreciation of life’s fragility
• Increased clarity about what’s important in life
• Deeper and often spiritual sense of the meaning of life and inner peace
What are the 6 personal growth changes she having a near death experience
• Near death experiences = spiritual catalyst, value shifts, personal growth
a. Appreciation of life
b. Concern for others
c. Lack of concern for impressing others
d. Acceptance and loss of fear of death integrated into view of life
e. Lack of materialism — extrinsic to intrinsic goals
o See wealth and possession as meaningless
f. Quest for meaning in life spirituality
o De-emphasis on formal religion
What are the 2 ways trauma contributes to growth?
• Growth depends on one’s ability to find benefits and make sense out of traumatic experiences
o BENEFIT-FINDING — positive life lessons
o SENSE-MAKING — world view, cycle of life and religion
Explain nolen-hoeksema & larsons study on family members of people in hospice programs
• Studied 200 family members of people in hospice program
• Interviewed before loss, 6,13, and 18 months later
• 70% were able to make sense of the loss/death
• 80% found some sort of positive aspect in the experience
• Making sense of loss — predictability, acceptance as a natural part of the lifestyle, view it as gods plan, lost loved one accepted death, preperation/expectation, life lessons
• Finding positive benefits — personal growth, perspective on life, family togetherness, support for others, learning ad benefiting others
What are 7 positive coping strategies
• Physical exercise and diet
• Physical rehabilitation
• Breathing and mindfulness — when you have no control
• Cognitive techniques — reappraisal (changing thoughts)
• Problem-solving/decision making (ex: coming up with a study schedule, pros and cons list, etc)
• Behavior modification (organization, time management, planning/goal setting)
• Social support
What is relaxation therapy
• Relaxation therapy — aims to either reduce hyperarousal or curb emotion-physiological reactivity
o Progressive muscle relaxation
o Mental imagery
o Meditation
o Autogenic training
