Test 2 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is the Threat Superiority Effect
A
An observation that people pay more attention to possible threats than to other stimulus or events in their environment
2
Q
What happens when a threat is present vs when there isn’t a threat present
A
It will take you less time to accurately detect a threat and it will take you more time to detect a non threat with a higher error rateW
3
Q
What is a Threat Detection Module
A
A Darwinian module that evolved to detect threats. It detects the stimulus in the environment that threatens the survival of the organisms
4
Q
What is the Cheater Detection Module
A
A Darwinian module and conditional reasoning that evolved to detect individuals who behave in such a way to be seen as unfair
5
Q
What is Modus Ponens
A
If P then Q
P is true
Then Q is true
6
Q
What is Modus Tollens
A
If P then Q
Q is not true
Then P is not true
7
Q
What is Denial of the Anticedent
A
If P then Q
P is not true
Then Q is not True
8
Q
Affirmation of the consequent
A
If P then Q
Q is true
P is true
9
Q
What are the four argument structures
A
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Denial of the Anticedent
Affirmation of the Consequent
10
Q
How might animals communicate?
A
Movement
Smell
Vision
Sound
11
Q
Why do animals use movement to communicate
A
Helps to communicate the location of food (direction and distance)
12
Q
How do animals use smell to communicate
A
To mark territory, attract mates or dominance
13
Q
How do animals use colour to communicate
A
To communicate toxicity or attract mates
14
Q
How do animals use sound to communicate
A
To signal a threat is present
15
Q
What does Language need to be in order to be considered a language
A
Is used to communicate, is structured, is based on convention
16
Q
What does it mean that Language is communicative
A
Language is used to share or exchange information
17
Q
What are the seven characteristics of language
A
Arbitrary
Communicative
Conventional
Dynamic
Generative
Hierarchical
Structured
18
Q
How Language is Structured
A
The arrangement of language units to give some form of organization about how to use language
19
Q
How language is conventional
A
The rules of language are based on general beliefs
20
Q
How Language is arbitrary
A
Linguistic symbols can be used to refer to anything
21
Q
How language is dynamic
A
The units and rules of a language are constantly changing
22
Q
How language is generative
A
The units of language can be combined using structured rules to create new units of language
23
Q
What are the four units of language
A
Phonemes
Morphemes
Words
Sentence
24
Q
What is Phonemes
A
Perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another / The smallest unit of speech sound in a language
25
What are Morphemes
The smallest unit of a language that has meaning (ex: go, ing)
26
What are words
A single distinct meaningful element (unit) of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence
27
What is a Sentence
A set of words that complete a statement, question or command
28
How Language is Hierarchical
Complex units of language include and communicate more information than simpler units of language
29
What are the four fields of linguistics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
30
How does Phonology relate to the Units of Languages
It uses sounds to combine phonemes
31
How does Morphology relate to the Units of Languages
Uses morphemes to combine other morphemes
32
How does Syntax relate to the Units of Languages
Combines words and phrases
33
How does Semantics relate to the Units of Languages
Uses sentences to create meaning and implication of other sentences
34
What does Linguistics study
The rules of Natural Languages include Braille and ASL
35
What is a Speech Spectrogram
Produces a visual display of speech sounds over time
36
What is Corpus Analysis
A statistical analysis of written texts to understand the frequency with which words occur together
37
What is acquisition?
The learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality
38
Four stages of language acquisition
Cooing Stage
Babbling Stage
One word Stage
Two Word Stage
39
What is the Cooing Stage
Happens in early first year when babies start to utter a wide variety of sounds
40
What is the function of the cooing stage
Exercises major parts of the vocal apparatus and prepares the vocal apparatus to articulate the sounds of the language they are beginning to acquire
41
What is the babbling stage
Occurs around six months stage when they talk rapidly and continuously in an incomprehensible way
42
What is the function of the babbling stage
Children appear to start to learn rules for combining phonemes in their native language
43
What is the one word stage
Occurs around one year when children utters morphemes that convey meaning though might not be linguistically accurate
44
Function of the One word stage
Children start to relate utterance of words and meaning and learn rules
45
What is the two word stage
Occurs between 1 - 2 years where children produce two word utterances that are arranged in meaningful ways into simple phrases
46
Function of the Two Word Stage
Children start to learn rules of how to form simple Noun+verb structures as a precursor for forming more complex sentences
47
What is a critical period for language
A time interval that is important to determine whether a person can acquire the skills for learning a language
48
What is statistical learning
The ability of humans and animals to extract regularities from the large amount of data in their environment to learn associations and rules
49
What is the systematic study of neurons
A fixed procedure of how to study the structure and activity of neurons
50
What are the two fields related to neuroscience
Anatomy and Physiology
51
What is Anatomy
The branch of biology concerned with the structure of humans, animals and birds
52
What is physiology
The branch of biology that deals with the function of living organisms and their parts
53
What are the four parts of a neuron
Cell Body
Axon
Dendrite
Synapse
54
What is the Axon
Transmits information within a neuron
55
What is the cell body
Regulates activity of the neuron
56
What is the Dendrite
Receives information from other neurons
57
What is the synapse
Sends information to other neurons
58
What is electrical potential
The process of sending information within a neuron
59
What is resting potential
The charge across an electric field when the neuron is at rest / not electrically stimulated
60
What is action potential
The charge across an electric field when the neuron is active / electrically stimulated
61
What are neurotransmitters
Chemical substances present in presynaptic neuron that sends messages to other neurons
62
What is long term potentiation
Increased frequency of neurotransmitters received by receptors of postsynaptic neuron, leading to an increase in ability of postsynaptic neuron to generate action potentials
63
What is the cerebrum
All the parts of the brain that develop from the brainstem
64
What is the cerebral
Related to the cerebrum
65
What is the cerebral hemisphere
The two parts (left and right side of the brain)
66
What is the corpus callosum
Connects the two cerebral hemispheres
67
What is the cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum
68
What is the cortical
Related to the cortex
69
What is the subcortical
Under the cortex
70
Definition of Anterior
The Front
71
Definition of Posterior
The back
72
Definition of Superior
The top
73
Definition of Inferior
The bottom
74
Definition of Dorsal
The upper surface / back of a spine
75
Definition of Ventral
The lower surface / front of a spine
76
Definition of Lateral
To the side
77
Definition of Medial
To the middle
78
Definition of Ipsilateral
The same side
79
Definition of Contralateral
The opposite side
80
What is the role of the frontal lobe
Executive control, put plans, actions, or laws into effect, problem solve,
81
What is the role of the occipital lobe
Low level visual procession, edge detection
82
What is the role of the pariental lobe
Object perception, spatial perception
83
What is the role of the temporal lobe
Interacting with physical objects
84
What is the primary visual cortex
Area of the cortex that is of principal importance to vision
85
What is the Primary motor cortex
Area of the cortex that is of principal importance to motion
86
What is the primary somatosensory cortex
Area of the cortex that is of principal importance to touch
87
What is Electroencephalographs (EEGs)
“electrical writing of the brain”. EEGS are the visual representations the average of the activity of groups of neurons. They provide information about brain activity over time
88
What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Provides visual display of areas of the brain associated with cognitive activity when a task is performed
89
What is temporal resolution
Analysis of a time interval that breaks down long time intervals into shorter ones to study the activity of the group of neurons during specific time intervals
90
What is spatial resolution
The analysis of a spatial location to understand the activity of groups of neurons at locations in space
91
EEGs vs fMRI
EEGs study the activity of neurons over time and have better temporal resolution but fMRI studys the energy a group of neuron uses in a moment of time and has better spatial resolution
92
What is dissociation
An area/structure has a function that is distinct or separated/disconnected from other brain areas or structures
93
What is the Turing Machine
A machine that follows a specified set of procedures can provide a solution to all math problems
Any algorithmically calculable function computed by the machine
94
Four components of the Turing Machine
Physical Tape
Read-Write Head
State Register
Machine Table
95
What is the role of the tape in the Turing Machine
It is divided into cells where each cell is able to hold a physical symbol
96
What is the role of the read-write head in the Turing Machine
Detects, adds, removes, and moves the physical symbols on tape
97
What is the role of the state register in the Turing Machine
Stores representation of physical tape at current time and instructions to be performed
98
What is the role of the machine table in the Turing Machine
Contains all possible rules that machine can perform:
- Move tape
- Move read-write head
- Change state of physical tape
99
What is an algorithm
A fixed set of procedures or rules that if followed will lead to a solution
100
Definition of the Table of Instructions in the Turing Machine
A list of all possible rules the machine can perform
101
What is a finite state machine
There is a limit to one of the following
- Length of physical tape
- Number of states
- Number of instructions
- Ability to record states
102
What parts of the Turing Machine could contain an algorithm
State register and Table of Instructions
103
What is the Artificial Neural Network
A model of how neurons work
A computer simulation of how populations of actual neurons perform tasks
104
What is a Node in the context of Artificial Neural Networks
A computing unit that represents a neuron
105
What is a Link in the context of Artificial Neural Networks
Describes the connection between two nodes and how an output of one node affects the input received by a second node
106
What is the Threshold of Excitation
A transitional point in electric potential in a neuron, where the neuron transitions from inactive to active.
If the electrical signal (input) a neuron receives is equal to or greater than threshold of excitation, then the neuron fires (output = 1)
107
What is the Activation Function
A computational model of the threshold of excitation that describes the relationship between the output of a node and the input into the node in computational terms.
If the sum of all weighted inputs a neuron receives is more than the threshold of excitation to fire
IF (weight x input) > threshold, output = 1, else output = 0
108
What is the meaning of weight
Te relative importance of each input link to determine the output of a neuron
109
What is pattern recognition
The ability to identify regular consistencies in items that we have encountered before
110
What is template matching
Identify and match external stimulus to template
111
Feature detection theory for letters
Letters are captured on the retina where features are detected and compared with features of previously encountered letters and are then identified
112
What is Data Driven Process
When a stimulus is identified based on the observed features of the stimulus (bottom up processing)
113
What is conceptually driven process
A stimulus that is recognised and identified based on its semantic characteristics (top down processing)
114
What is recognition by components
3D objects that are broken down to basic 3D shapes (geons) that can be assembled into unlimited number of objects
115
What are simple cells
Found in the visual cortex to receive signals when they detect a line of specific orientation
116
What are complex cells
Found in the visual cortex that receives signals when they detect a line of specific orientation moving in a specific direction
117
What are hypercomplex cells
Cells in the visual cortex that receive signals when they detect two lines, each line of a specific orientation meeting at a specific angle moving in a specific direction (At least one simple and one complex cell will fire)
118
What is Hebb's Rule
Neurons that fire together, wire together
119
What is Cell Assembly
A consequence of Hebb's Law where a group of cells that come to be grouped together for a common purpose
120
What is the input layer
A layer of nodes/artificial neurons that receive information about the stimulus
121
What is the output layer
The layer of nodes/artificial neurons that produces information about the identity of the stimulus
122
What is unsupervised learning
Researcher doesn't observe and direct the task's execution without providing feedback. Inputs are changed based only on features of detected stimulus
123
What is feedback
Information about the neural network's performance to a task. Feedback is provided to whether the network's response is correct or incorrect
124
What is supervised learning
The researcher directs the execution of the task and provides feedback
125
What is a hidden layer
Allows links from input layer to the hidden layer to the output layer.
Modelled by inputs and weights.
Feedback can be treated as input provided to network from output layer and modifies the values of weights based on feedback
126
What are production rules
Rules in the form of IF ... THEN..., where facts are used
127
What are chatbots
Computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially over the internet
128
What is an expert system
A group of computer programs that work together and represents comprehensive knowledge in a particular domain and reproduces the performance of human experts
129
What are the two components of programs
Facts and rules
130
What is the checklist to determine whether something is an intelligent agent
Is this rational autonomous entity?
Can this entity observe the environment?
Can this entity act on the environment?
Can this entity direct activity to achieve goals?
Can this entity learn through experience?
131
What are rational autonomous entities
A thing that has independent existence, able to solve problems using reason or logic, does not require supervision or feedback, and isn't controlled by any other person or mind
132
what are sensors
a device which detects or measures a physical property
133
what are actuators
a device that causes a machine to operate, act on the environment/has an effect on the environment
