Test 2 Flashcards

Question

3rd cause of the French Revolution

Answer 1

Enlightenment and cause for reform Many (especially elite) believed enlightened reform was possible/necessary Revolution began because part of the elite believed in the enlightenment and that better institutions were necessary Elite seen as corrupt and scandalous People don't trust governors

Answer 2

Charles Calonne - King's first minister - had to explain to king that France was bankrupt Solution: (1786) Proportional permanent land tax with no exception New tax to be paid with portion of harvest by everyone (including Aristocrats/Elite/Church/Peasants) Principle of peasants only paying taxes is abandoned - privileges called into question King's first minister called into question most essential principle of the government Tax signaled weakness of king Aristocrats horrified by new tax and wanted to take advantage of weakened king

Answer 3

Called by aristocrats and clergy Traditionally, estates-General voted by estate (3 votes) 3rd estate not happy - always lost (2-1) Enlightened churchman wrote pamphlet saying first 2 estates didn't matter - 3rd estate did everything

Answer 4

1789 3rd estate withdrew from estates-general and formed the National Assembly Representatives of 3rd estate with a few liberal aristocrats and churchmen

Answer 5

Louis 16 not happy about the formation of the National Assembly so he surrounded Versailles with cavalry because the assembly was treasonous Men of the National Assembly were scared so they moved to a nearby tennis court Took oath - will not allow themselves to be dissolved until they had a constitution that makes kings power explicit and limited

Answer 6

Men without breeches Wore cheap trousers instead of fancy pants Common men Fighting force of French Revolution

Answer 7

1788 harvest miserable 1789 people believed National Assembly might help them Riot after seeing kings cavalry around National Assembly Just price riots and riots for the National Assembly

Answer 8

French prison fortress believed to hold enemies of the French state Riots for National Assembly reach Bastille Sans-culottes believed they needed to control the Bastille Attacked with thousands - only 159 survived "Conquers of the Bastille" destroy it

Answer 9

King had lost loyalty of majority of population Had o choice but to call off cavalry Sans-culottes saved National Assembly for a time Sans-culottes tore down Bastille and metaphorically tore down kings powers

Answer 10

Fear spread by rumor and popular belief that aristocrats would take over National Assembly Across the country, peasants torched manor houses to destroy tax records that tie peasants to aristocrats

Answer 11

Assembly can't do anything because of great fear Aristocrat said at a meeting that he would give up privileges and peasant taxes for the aristocracy - thought it would calm peasants down Aristocrats and churchmen followed suit and all present gave up rights in the excitement and enthusiasm

Answer 12

``` Late august 1789 Preliminary statement - rights of people "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" Old regime is dead Old privileges are dead King brought cavalry back to versailles ```

Answer 13

Early October, 1789 Fishwives upset king was trying to shut down the assembly marched in thousands to versailles (12 miles long) crowded into meeting hall to ask king for bread and to save National Assembly Next morning overthrew king's guards Marie Antoinette barely escaped, king was captured Forced to wear a freedom cap King, Marie Antoinette, and son loaded into coach and brought to paris. Coach was bombarded with rocks and rotten vegetables on way. King was called the baker because no one liked or trusted bakers King and National Assembly under watchful eye of people of paris - and displayed distrust of king

Answer 14

King, Legislature and constitution Drafted by National Assembly after moving to Paris For first time in France, sharing of power Privileges are being broken down, but voting requirements are still so high that most sans-culotte cannot vote Motivated by American Constitutional Convention Enlightened men using reason to form new government with Newtonian ideals

Answer 15

Assembly decided to pay debt by confiscating church's land and selling it. Helped deal with debt, but had to spend money on church for clergy, education, upkeep of poor, and cost of religious services. State had no choice but to make church a branch of government

Answer 16

Document that shapes French church as a wing of the French Government pope and clergy was not consulted November 1990, assembly imposed oath o the civil constitution of the clergy: All priests must take oath to the new government which conflicted to their previous oath to God. Had to make public their choice, and about half didn't take oath and lost their jobs Many peasants horrified because their beloved priest was suddenly cast aside - widespread counterrevolution

Answer 17

Louis 16 decided to flee to spanish Netherlands (Austrians). Paris is very close to the Netherlands Wanted help from the Hapsburgs (wife Hapsburg) Spring 1791 - Fled in 2 big slow coaches Stopped at Varennes (Flight to Varennes) Plans were stopped Suffered great indignities on way back Clear the king was treasonous

Answer 18

Took floor to decide what to do about king Liberal Political faction Not happy with fiction that king was kidnapped Called loudly for Republic, and said other kings of Europe would not allow a republic in France, so they should take arms preemptively against other countries in Europe Appealed to sans-culottes

Answer 19

Most influential Jacobin | Also on the National Assembly

Answer 20

Crying out for peace - France not ready for war - France too young, too unorganized

Answer 21

August 1791 Austrian emperor and king of Prussia two most influential leaders in Europe declared France unstable and invited other European kings to help take action April 1782 France declared war on Austrian kings (not people) Robespierre was right - within weeks France was losing

Answer 22

Leading army against France Summer 1792 - said army working to crush anarchy, restore king, and anyone who opposed would be show and homes destroyed. Working to restore old regime if any harm comes to the palace, paris will be destroyed

Answer 23

Sans-culotte rise up and suspend king from duty Constitutional monarchy dead No executive of government now New government formed - called: National Convention Infant Republic

Answer 24

1000-5000 died Became clear many would need to join army before Brunswick crushed the city Because of the fear of Brunswick, people massacred the people who might side with Brunswick Crowds acted first - massacred those in prison

Answer 25

Valmy: People of paris and organized army stopped Brunswick Fighting season reached it's end Battle at Valmy saved Paris and National Convention France became full republic September 22 Louis 16 executed January 21, 1783 under recommendations from Robespierre

Answer 26

Street speakers | Said revolution should be more aggressive

Answer 27

Against revolution | Part of France

Answer 28

All that is around should be useful to living | Institutions should only be preserved if they are useful

Answer 29

Society can only survive through maintenance of its roots-greatest of all conservative thinkers

Answer 30

The national convention was vulnerable because of rebellion Elect 12 to act as collective executives All 12 had different jobs Maximillian Robespierre political leader on committee - most important visible figure - Robespierre is voice/gives committee vision

Answer 31

Military draft-all unmarried men between 18 and 26 required to serve the military, or help with household industries Formed Gigantic Army Made up of men who are loyal to nation and revolution first modern citizen army first modern war state begin to win and pushback invaders

Answer 32

1. Economic terror-maximum on prices 2. Political terror-death to those against Revolution. 3. Cultural and political Robespierre: in times of tranquility-virtue is the main spring of government-this is not those times. Terror was also needed. Virtue is good, but without terror, virtue would be destroyed. Terror is nothing but prompts severe justice.

Answer 33

Man wanted to create a new world with republican virtue Wide range of efforts to create new cultures but was short-lived and old cultures came back Citizenship was new - no longer subjects Fresh culture requires education-form textbook elements of Republican instruction New calendar,new months, new street names, new everything

Answer 34

Those suspected of being against revolution should be stripped of property Law defeated-but 400,000 in prison as suspects Robespierre and committee began to look like dictatorship

Answer 35

June 10, 1794 Many feared Robespierre and committee Revolutionary Tribunal-Revolutionary court-given new powers All of the preliminary questioning disbanded No legal counsel summoning of witnesses Removes normal guarantees of trial

Answer 36

July 1794-those against Robespierre and colleagues were killed Thermidor means counterrevolution Progressive part of revolution came to end To government must be formed

Answer 37

Send of the French Revolution Received military powers at 16 Quickly rose through the ranks By 1795 effectively the commander of military and Italian states Could present himself as the man who could restore France Many thought short-term military dictatorship to repair the nation November 1799 Napoleon brought to power to save the revolution

Answer 38

November in the new calendar Military overthrow of government Napoleon announced November 9, 1799 revolution was over He carried out revolutions agenda Released everyone previously penalized/jailed-ended Civil War-everyone welcome to serve as long as they were loyal-formed constitution/French national Bank-made peace with church

Answer 39

Napoleon imagined himself like the ancient Romans Provoked nationalism amongst Germany and Italy Wonder and glory necessary for Napoleon to ensure strength in Europe 1802 he made peace with Great Britain 1815 he lost at Waterloo-now a constant war with Great Britain Army loyal to revolution, France and Napoleon Huge army had a major advantage, he could draft citizen subjects, patriotic military, well citizens and shut subjects, not forced subject army Prints that were with English Austrians and Russians called the third coalition

Answer 40

``` Off the coast of Spain Decisive naval battle Napoleon vulnerable at sea so England beat them English naval technology more advanced Ended hope of invading England Insured English navel superiority ```

Answer 41

Fighting Russian-Austrian army weakened right flank to promote Russian attack there Then focused on destroying Russian center and destroyed other armies Russia dropped out of war Greatest military victory Massive revolutionary army and great military tacticians

Answer 42

Napoleon turn to Germany Combined German states into confederation of the Rhine in 1806 to make it easier to occupy and plunder Turned attention to Prussia largest German state 1806 Jena-destroyed Prussians captured capital Berlin

Answer 43

Napoleon turned against the British-idea: Continental system New there was lively sense of revolutionary fervor Mandated continents Europe couldn't trade with Britain Cotton was taking off and Britain needed continental trade to sell cotton Hope cutting off trade would start revolution In the end, did not have the Navy to prevent smuggling and trade with America Continental system failed

Answer 44

1810 Napoleon turn to Russia 600,000 troops move to Russia Russian troops fought small battles and skirmishes but none were decisive Napoleon and his army was pulled farther and farther into Russia Their supply lines for growing thin and stretched Russians destroyed food sources to heard French-scorched earth French hit with disease and hardships in Russian winter The point helped Russia would not give up Moscow without a fight Russian set fire to Moscow Pauline left with small straggling unsuccessful army Invasion of Russia destroyed invasion of Europe Struggle to form new army

Answer 45

October 1814, Allied army – Germany, Austria, Russian - destroyed Napoleon's army March - invaded Paris Napoleon in exile

Test 2 Flashcards

(69 cards)