Test 3 Flashcards

Question

Zollverein

Answer 1

1830's German economic unification All German states acted independently economically Removed tarrifs when moving between German states Economic unification before political unification German railroad building

Answer 2

Problem 1: Where did Austria fit into unified Germany Problem 2: what kind of government? Many small states would lose sovernty. Who would lead? All questions hashed out in many ways too late because revolutions were over 1849 offered crown of Unified Germany to the king of Prussia - but were turned down Dissolved - liberal moderate efforts to unify german failed Germans had always been relatively weak/insecure Germans believed in cultural superiority, but also had previously in-superior Germans becoming increasingly aware of strength Intense, driven and ambitious - need to erase weak past

Answer 3

Prussians mobilized army - discovered army was weak and started to rebuild it married traditions of discipline and order with new technology of age (move troops with railroad, communicate between armies with telegraph, much more accurate rifles) Application of industrial revolution to military Began to turn Germany's industrial muscle into military muscle

Answer 4

Appointed PM of Prussia Instrument of which Prussia began unifying Germany Bismark spoke with iron and blood not politics

Answer 5

1866 - Prussia vs Austria Two great German speaking states People did not understand how powerful Bismark's army had become - army vastly superior Prussians secured complete victory in 2 weeks Sadowa - turning point battle - world could see there was a new kind of army Bismark chose to keep Austria our of German affairs Prussia growing very quickly, many small states voluntarily being absorbed by Prussia

Answer 6

1870 Bismark provoked war with France Everyone thought France would crush Prussia But once again, the Prussia army was underestimated France was crushed in a matter of months Shows world Germany had become dominant military power - German huge and dominant

Answer 7

Bismark humiliated France France required to give up 2 parts of France rich in natural resources and left France with out defensible border France had to pay 5 billion Francs to Germany and support German Army until paid William 1st - king of Prussia, named German Emperor - ruled from Versailles French ached for revenge

Answer 8

Was was liberation from unbearable situations for some nations Austrians and Russians believed war might be useful to resurrect old regimes Britain hoped war would bring classes together Italy hoped war would make unified Italy more whole Germany wanted to conquer the world for survival and to be dominant

Answer 9

Friendly Agreement 1904 - Treaty between French and English 1907 - France convinced England to ally with Russia Ended competition for colonial conquest

Answer 10

England -> Navy Russia -> Vast Resources France -> Desire for revenge on Germany

Answer 11

Austria -> weak, looked like it needed more help than could give Old Turkish Empire -> old and archaic Had allies, but felt alone

Answer 12

Germanys greatest fear was fighting the Russians to the East while fighting the French and the English to the west

Answer 13

Serbian Nationalist assassinated Hapsburg heir Austrians furious, but can't attack because Serbia is allied with Russia July 28, Germans let Austria start war against Serbia Germany, Austria, and Russia mobilized their armies Germany wanted Austria to slow Russian advance so they could repeat the Franco-Prussian war the the West, destroy France, then deal with Russia to prevent a lengthy two front war

Answer 14

Germany declared war on Russia Two days later Germany invaded France British then declared war on Germany Russia/Britain/France vs. Germany/Austria

Answer 15

Germans came close to Paris, but were stopped at the Marne River Germans were stopped, but France lost some important land Battle prevented Germans from securing one front war Armies on both sides stopped progressing and dug in - started living in trenches

Answer 16

Tens of thousands living in trenches In front of trenches was barbed wire In-between was no-man's land designated by constant shelling Defense: grenades, machine guns, and poison gas Poison gas - horribly devastating, but horribly inefficient, 10,000's died or were blinded Miserable, little gained, little lost except horrible number of casulties

Answer 17

February 1916, Germans attacked French Verdun End of campaign in June, Germans had very little new ground, but had lost 300,000 (Similar French losses) French held of Germans Measure of shear carnage of WW1 600,000 casualties no glory no territory gain

Answer 18

English/French attacked Germans severe mutiny, hundreds court-marshaled Government had to promise no more offensives like that

Answer 19

``` British offensive in Belgium against Germany Mud made advancing men easy targets British lost 240,000 Example of waste of WW1 Grim and worthless like much of war ```

Answer 20

Failure of Verdun convinced Germans they could win a 1 front war by knocking our Russia first Russia suffering horribly on battlefield 1917 New Communist Government signed treaty with Germans effectively ending Russian participation in the war Spring: Germans now have 1 front war with French

Answer 21

Germany did not have much of a navy, so French and Britain were easily able to blockade the Germans Germany developed weapon against British naval blockade (U-Boat/Submarine) Began attacking British shipments Early 1917, attacked the Lusitania (passenger carrier) Many Americans died, which encouraged America to enter the war America declared war on Germany in April 1917 Provided Britain with food, war materials and troops Hurt German morale

Answer 22

Germany decided they should act before America acted Launched offensive in Spring 1918 and pushed toward Paris Got close, but were stopped at the Marne river again

Answer 23

Germans were running our of supplies and allied tanks began to gain ground and pushed Germans back German King resigned Autumn 1918 military leader ended the war November 11, 1918 Germans sued for peace Foreign troops never made it to Germany - surrender before battle made it to German soil Hitler saw an illegitimate surrender at cost of German pride

Answer 24

Anti-Semitic riots (anti Jewish) in Russia Alexander 2nd ended serfdom, but serfs weren't much better off and were angry at government Some government leaders started Pogroms in 1880's to deflect anger of peasants from government to Jews

Answer 25

Wanted reform in Russia, but lived in London Wanted revolution to be started by peasants, told people to educate the people to radicalize them Most peasants called secret police on reformers rather than joining them because they were afraid of the government Attempt at reform failed

Answer 26

Idea of Desperation From character in a play who argues nothing can be done unless everything is destroyed and started anew Measure of pain, desperation, etc. Not a philosophy Nihilists assassinated Czar Alexander 2nd (1881) who had started some reforms

Answer 27

Formed minority of growing Russian Communist Party (Social Democratic Party/Marxist Party) More conventional politically, still radicals and socialists, but willing to work with others to bring about change

Answer 28

Majority of growing Russian Communist Party Leader: Lenin -> Believed there could not be a simple revolution - thought revolution needed central core to support working class - Dictatorship of the Proletarian (Worker) Took advantage of problems and pushed needs and desires of workers onto society Need dedicated group of revolutionaries to teach peasants and workers of their values/needs/desires/purposes and have them take the government

Answer 29

1 in 3 peasants had no land 1 in 3 farms possessed no cattle 2 - 1 wooden plows to iron plows mechanical tractors largely unknown

Answer 30

Russian leadership knew they were in trouble Wanted a short, victorious war to end revolutionary ideas Fought Japan for Korea Wanted to stimulate loyalty However, Japanese won, partly because Russia faced too much geography Placed strain on Russian Transportation Bread prices soared, wages insignificant Just price riots

Answer 31

January 22 1905 Priest led 100's of workers to Czar's winter palace in St. Petersburg Intended to present petition of grievances to Czar because they thought he would make it better Instead, Czar ordered army to fire on people Never again would people see Czar as protector

Answer 32

General strike in St. Petersburg (everything stopped) Peasant revolts in country side Manor houses raided Loyalty to Czar collapsing People called for constitutional monarchy Entire Russian railroad system shut down By October, everyone was revolting Some workers began to fight for socialist state Many in middle class, afraid of workers, joined Czar Military returned from war with Japan Revolution failed

Answer 33

Russian workers were elected by other workers from a variety of industries Job was to negotiate issues for workers Not political bodies, negotiating tools to allow workers to get better conditions After the Failed revolution of 1905 they began to have political influence and began to lead the revolution

Answer 34

Leader of the most influential soviet in St. Petersburg Understood soviet could be used in moment of chaos to lead 1917 - people turned to soviets to carry out revolutionary will became tool/instrument of communists as they seize power

Answer 35

Situation terrible in Russia March 1917 strikes flared in St. Petersburg Troops again ordered to fire on demonstrators, but instead threw rifles down Czar knew he had lost support and stepped down Temporary government stepped in that tried to deal with all problems at once

Answer 36

Germany sent Lenin back to Russia They wanted Lenin and the Bolshevik party to take control Lenin was already popular because he stood for peace/land/bread Lenin encouraged peasants to take land from aristocrats Also ordered soviets to take power Lenin liked by vast majority Created Communist Soviet Union Russian Revolution process of replacing failed regime Communism came with what people wanted - offered solution to plight for vast majority

Answer 37

``` Civil War ensued after the revolution lasted until 1921 Terrible and bloody - millions perished Communists in power afterword Infant Soviet Union began in horrible position First communist state, but weak ```

Answer 38

``` Russia was not recognized as a nation World horrified by happenings in Russia Czar and entire family was shot Made everything (including banks/money) part of government Handed factories to workers Abolished private trade Nationalized private lands Repudiated national debt Allowed peasants to keep lands Refused to permit freedom of press/expression/assembly ```

Answer 39

Body/wing of government to prevent counter revolution and fight with terror French revolution's terror nothing like Russia's terror Terror became part of Russian communist survival

Answer 40

Post war peace-makers: America, France, England, Italy did what they could to prevent spread of communism constructed dam of states to prevent spread cordon sanitaire - quarantine States new and politically weak, but thought of as necessary to prevent spread of Bolshevism Also helped to punish Germany (must back states to help prevent spread)

Answer 41

Germany accepts responsibility of all damage even though Germany was not only agressor German people expected better At peace conference, German delegates isolated Germany being humiliated Men making peace after WW1 were setting grounds for WW2

Answer 42

President Wilson's plan for remaking Europe at the Peace Conference 1. Make appropriate balance between national and political boundaries (Poland for Poles) Prevent wars of expansion 2. Tariffs should be lifted worldwide Free markets everywhere would improve standard of living everywhere 3. Believed democracy should come to power everywhere - believed war born from small groups with too much aggressive power 4. League of Nations

Answer 43

Ancestor to the UN Job to enforce 14 points Proved impotent and unable to do anything because they only had economic power Russia and Germany not allowed to join US Congress initially did not agree to join

Answer 44

German given full responsibility for the war Germany split to allow Poland access to the sea (Polish Corridor) Alsace and Lorraine returned to France Germany was to give up great deal of its army Limited number of men could serve No allowed to possess artillery, poison gas, aircraft, tanks, submarines, or officer schools Germans required to pay $33 Billion which is several times larger than Germany's National Income Austrians prevented from joining Germany

Answer 45

Idea of action - believed that through military action all splits in society would be overcome Came out of despair of WW1 Arose in Italy, died with Hitler Believed if everyone was loyal, all hostilities would disappear Hated Communism, Democracy (impedes action), Jews (Socialistic and Capitalistic), Socialism (International movement), Capitalism (harmed Germany in the past), Bankers (seen as Jews) Gave people purpose/life/meaning

Test 3 Flashcards

(69 cards)