Test 2 Flashcards
(134 cards)
0
Q
this type of aggression stems from a feeling of anger; goal is to inflict pain or injury
A
hostile aggression
1
Q
behavior perpetrated or attempted which the intention of harming the individual physically, or psychologically, or to destroy an object
A
aggression
2
Q
this type of aggression takes place as a means to some other goal
A
instrumental aggression
3
Q
hostile aggression is rational and calculated; it is used by the individual in order to maximize personal gains
A
f
instrumental aggression
4
Q
tf
most murders are instrumental aggression
A
f
hostile
5
Q
what r the three personal tendencies toward violence
A
genetic predispositions
physiological influences
learning history
6
Q
what r the three situational tendencies toward violence
A
environmental stressors
cognitive reasoning
opportunity
7
Q
what personal tendency toward violence does the psychoanalytic view point support
A
genetic predisposition
8
Q
theory that states destructive energy builds up inside us and eventually spills out in the form of violence against others or against the self.
A
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic viewpoint
9
Q
tf
research shows that aggressive catharsis frequently leads to more aggression
A
t
10
Q
These r biologically based theories and start from the assumption that violence and aggression are a part of human nature; try r innate and inactive
A
ethnological viewpoint
11
Q
what are the three “U’s” that describe instinct?
A
universal (every species has it)
unlearned
in changing
12
Q
who adapted Darwin’s theory of evolution and the principal of survival of the fittest?
A
Lorenz
13
Q
what is one problem with the instinct theory?
A
fails o account for variations in aggressiveness across individuals and cultures
14
Q
how do humans differ from animals with the “fighting instinct”?
A
humans don’t have it; if people put their hands up, the aggressor will continue to b aggressive.
15
Q
These r biologically based theories and start from the assumption that violence and aggression are a part of human nature; try r innate and inactive
A
ethnological viewpoint
16
Q
what are the three “U’s” that describe instinct?
A
universal (every species has it)
unlearned
in changing
17
Q
who adapted Darwin’s theory of evolution and the principal of survival of the fittest?
A
Lorenz
18
Q
what is one problem with the instinct theory?
A
fails o account for variations in aggressiveness across individuals and cultures
19
Q
how do humans differ from animals with the “fighting instinct”?
A
humans don’t have it; if people put their hands up, the aggressor will continue to b aggressive.
20
Q
according to Dollard, what is the result of having ones goal attainment blocked
A
frustration
21
Q
whose hypothesis stated that frustration leads to (hostile) aggression?
A
Dollard
22
Q
who revised Dollards theory?
A
berkowitz
23
Q
how did berkowitz revise Dollards theory?
A
berkowitz stated that frustration produces anger which provides a readiness to aggress, but does not guarantee it
24
tf
| aggressive cues decrease the probability that frustrated people will aggress?
f
| increases probability
25
tf
| deprivation can cause frustration and subsequent aggression
f
| relative deprivation
26
explain Zillmans excitation transfer theory
physiological arousal dissipates slowly over time
27
according to Zillmans excitation transfer theory, what can happen to anger in multiple angering situations?
how long until the arousal comes down?
anger can linger and lead to over reaction
takes approx 30-40 mins
28
what theory does a good job of explaining: road rage, domestic violence?
excitation transfer theory - Zillman
29
who was specifically interested in the issue of how aggression might b learned through the observation of others
bandura
30
tf
| once learned, aggressive behavior is more likely to generalize to different situations and across time
t
31
what r the two cognitive models of aggression?
cognitive scripts
| hostile attribution bias
32
this cognitive model of aggression states that these are a learned series of expected events and how one should respond to them; they are acquired through observation, reinforcement, and socialization and can have self fulfilling effects
cognitive scripts
33
this cognitive model of aggression infers the tendency to attribute hostile intentions to others
hostile attribution bias
34
What is this?
tendency to define problems in a hostile way
person adopts hostile goals
person seeks minimal confirming info
person generates few alternatives
person expects fewer negative consequences
hostile attribution bias
35
aggression that appears to b an angry defensive response to frustration (goal blocking) or provocation n includes responses that r primarily interpersonal and hostile in nature
reactive aggression
36
aggression that occurs in anticipation of self serving outcomes and is a deliberate behavior that is controlled by external reinforcements
proactive aggression
37
which aggression is instrumental,
| reactive or proactive?
proactive
38
this type of aggression is generally described as physical/verbal aggression (hitting or pushing, threatening to beat up others) directed as a target
overt aggression
39
in this type of aggression ones behaviors are intended to damage another's child's friendships or feelings of inclusion by the peer group
relational aggression
40
which form of aggression is direct/indirect?
overt - direct
| relational (covert) - indirect
41
which gender is more relationally victimized?
girls
42
tf
according to crick and nelaon, friend physical and relational victimization was particularly related to the boy or girls adjustment difficulties
t
43
how many tv shows out of ten show violence?
6/10
44
approx how many murders has a child seen on tv by age 12?
13K - 20K
45
what percent of movies on tv show violence?
90%
46
what percent of violent acts were performed by "good characters" on tv?
40%
47
what percent of tv programs showed violence within a humorous context?
67%
48
why does media violence affect us?
| 4 reasons
1. seeing others b aggressive weakens our learned inhibitions against violence
2. we learn techniques; imitate
3. Primes anger; makes u more aware of anger
4. desensitization to violence
49
tf
| 3/4 people arrested for violence were drunk during their arrest.
t
50
tf
| according to rapist surveys, 50% o them were drunk when they committed the crime
f
| over half
51
behavior against the criminal code committed by an individual who ha not reached adulthood
legal def of juvenile delinquency
52
youthful behaviors considered inappropriate
social def of juvenile delinquency
53
involves diagnostic categories of behavior; conduct disorder and antisocial behavior
psychological drag of juvenile delinquency
54
what three categories of delinquent acts have increased from 95-05
acts against persons
acts against public order
drug offenses
55
what three crimes are most occurring with juveniles?
burglary
larceny/theft
auto theft
56
what percent of people 10-18 are considered delinquent?
only 10%
57
approx what % of juveniles will have a min of one arrest record by age 18?
30%
58
when do violent offenses peak for juveniles?
18
59
tf
| most juvenile crime isn't serious.
t
60
what r the two types juvenile offenders?
life-course persistent
| adolescent-limited
61
what % of juvenile offenders are arrested for index crimes?
25%
62
what % of juvenile offenders are arrested for non index crimes?
75%
63
this type of juvenile offender shows early neurological problems (hyperactivity, difficult temperaments, learning problems)
life course persistent (LCP)
64
for this type of juvenile delinquent, offending occurs during his or her teen years ending approx 18th birthday
adolescent limited
65
which type of juvenile offender has low recidivism rates and usually specializes in one type of offense
adolescence limited
66
which type of juvenile offender has an early onset of behavioral patterns?
multiple school problems?
poor social skills?
life course persistent
67
what % of juvenile arrests for violent crimes were girls in 1999?
only 17%
68
what crime is most likely to occur with a female juvenile offender?
running away
69
which theory suggests that poor parental monitoring, disruptive family events, and inconsistent family discipline are major contributors to early-onset delinquency?
coercion development theory
70
pathways to antisocial behavior; they start early or late
developmental trajectories
71
tf
late-onset delinquents are more socially limited, have poorer peer relationships, lower self esteem, and r more likely to b arrested than early-onset delinquents?
f
| early onset delinquents have these issues
72
what r 6 characteristics of successful programs for delinquents?
1. start early (4-5 yrs old(
2. promote competence across situations
3. follow developmental principals
4. focus on multiple settings n systems
5. acknowledge and respect cultural backgrounds
6. focus on the family
73
this type of prevention is designed to prevent delinquents behavior b4 it emerges
primary prevention
74
this type of prevention works with specific kids who r high risk and who display some early signs of antisocial behavior but have not yet been referred to the courts
selective prevention
75
this treatment approach for serious juvenile offenders is not very effective but very expensive usually because they r too limited and poorly conceived
restrictive interventions
76
this treatment approach incarcerates juveniles for extended period of time
traditional residential treatment
77
tf
studies show that offenders have lower rates of recidivism than those receiving family based or community based treatment?
f
| lower recidivism
78
a term that describes a person who demonstrates a discernible cluster cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurophysiological features that distinguish him or her from the general population
psychopath
79
a habitual criminal offender who ha not been properly socialized - does not respond appropriately to treatment, rehab, or incarceration
sociopath
80
tf
| a psychopath may or may not be a criminal?
t
81
tf
| psychopaths display specific behaviors that do not have a biological predisposition?
f
| they do have a biological predisposition
82
what are the three different categories of psychopaths, according to Hare (1970)?
primary
secondary
dyssocial
83
according to Hare (1970), this type of psychopath commits antisocial/violent act because of severe emotional problems
secondary psychopath
84
according to Hare (1970), this type of psychopath is the "true" psychopath
primary psychopath
85
according to Hare (1970), this type of psychopath displays aggressive antisocial behaviors that they have learned from their subcultures
dyssocial psychopath
86
tf
| many psychopaths have no history of serious anti-social behavior
t
87
tf
| all serous offenders are psychopaths
f
| not all
88
tf
| criminal psychopaths usually stick to one type of crime
f
| usually do not
89
these people demonstrate a wide range of persistent antisocial behavior. As a group, they r manipulative, impulsive, risk-taking, whose greatest thrills come from diverse sexual gratification an target diverse victims over time
criminal psychopath
90
tf
| the persistent offending of psychopaths is usually extremely violent
t
91
tf
| 75% of of officers killed in the line were killed by people matching the psychopathic profile
f
| 1/2
92
tf
| as a group psychopaths are less likely to derive pleasure from both the sexual and nonsexual suffering of others
f
| more likely
93
psychopaths direct violence normally to what sex, m or f?
m
94
according to Hare, what tool is used to measure psychopathology?
psychopathy checklist (PCL)
95
what r the 4 measures of psychopathology?
PCL-R
PCL:SV
PCL:YV
P-Scan: Research Version
96
what r the 2 core factors of psychopathy
1. interpersonal & emotional components
| 2. socially deviant lifestyle
97
which core factor of psychopathy?
| poor planning, impulsivity, excess need for stimulation, prone to boredom
factor 2
| socially deviant lifestyle
98
which factor of psychopathy?
| lack of remorse, callousness, selfish use and manipulation of others
factor 1 interpersonal and emotional components
99
for psychopaths, what does factor 1 loading predict?
planning predatory violence
does not respond well to therapy
may b linked to bio-psych influences
100
for psychopaths, what doe factor 2 loading predict?
spontaneous/disinhibited violence
recidivism
related to SES, education level, cultural and ethnic background
101
tf
| adult psychopaths who recieve larger doses of treatment exhibit less violent behavior
t
102
tf
adult psychopaths in normal prison therapy programs r less likely to engage in violent crime upon release than ones who did not undergo treatment
f
| more likely
103
what percent of psychopaths r male/female?
9-10% - fm
| 25-30% - m
104
tf
| female psychopaths have a higher recidivism rate than males
f
| lower rate
105
tf
| female psychopaths show a lack of realistic long term goals
t
106
describe the type 1 female psychopath (3)
lack of empathy
deception
sensation-seeking
107
describe the type 2 female psychopath (3)
early behavioral problems
promiscuity
antisocial, nonviolent behavior
108
what is the issue with diagnostic tools for juvenile psychopaths?
they are not accurate and currently used for research more than diagnosis
109
are features of adult psychopathy found in children?
yes
110
why is it damaging to apply the psychopath label to children?
the label
111
what is wrong with EEG patterns in the psychopaths brain?
immature and slow waves
112
in Hale n Wattersons experiment, what percent of psychopaths showed abnormally slow wave EEGs
65%
113
which two brain wave do psychopaths show the most on EEGs?
Delta n Theta
114
what r the 6 CNS differences among people with psychopathy
1. maturation retardation (hypothesis)
2. hemisphere asymmetry n deficiency
3. frontal lobe
4. amygdala dysfunction
5. stimulation seeking
6. optimal arousal of the cerebral cortex
115
what side of the brain is more active in people with psychopathy?
rt
116
which side of the brain is needed for reading facial expressions and emotions?
left
117
tf
| psychopaths are more accurate at reading emotional facial expressions
f
| less accurate
118
which hand is more dominant in psychopaths according to studies
left hand
119
tf
| psychopaths show deficits in frontal lobe activity?
t
120
tf
| studies show higher levels of amygdala activity in people with psychopathy
f
| lower levels of amygdala activity
121
tf
| amygdala controls learning through punishment and negative consequences
t
122
who suggested that psychopathic behavior is due to extreme stimulation seeking
Quay
123
tf
| psychopaths do better under high lvls of arousal than normal people
t
124
what does RAS generate?
nonspecific cortical arousal
125
What does SCR/GSR stand for?
| what does it measure?
skin conductance response/galvanic skin response
| measures sympathetic system emotional arousal
126
tf
research reveals low SCR/GSR in psychopaths.
what does this mean for the parasympathetic nervous system?
t
| low levels means parasympathetic system is on
127
complex cortical and sensory response to unexpected changes in the environment
(head turns, pupils dilate)
orienting response
128
this response is automatic, reflexive and produces increase in analytical processing in the senses and the cortex
orienting response
129
tf
| there is strong genetic influence on children with psychopathy
f
| not strong genetic influences
130
tf
| psychopaths are less likely to have experienced family abuse, neglect, and indifference, and societal difficulties
f
| more likely
131
tf
| some researchers claim that psychopathy is as early as 6 yrs old
f
| 5
132
which disorder is normally mistaken for psychopathy in younger years?
conduct disorder
133
tf
| life course persistent offenders are tied to psychopathy
t
