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test 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

what is more vital for determining excretion rate

A

tubular reabsorption

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1
Q

what is the formula for Urinary excretion

A

Glomerular filtration - Tubular reabsorption + Tubular secretion

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2
Q

what does tubular secretion play a role in getting rid of

A

potassium and hydrogen ionexcretion in the urine

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3
Q

Tubular reabsorption is what

A

highly selective

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4
Q

what is the pathway For reabsorption of a substance in Tubular reabsorption

A

(1) transported across the tubular epithelial membrane
(2) through the interstitial fluid
(3) through the peritubular capillary membrane
(4) into the blood

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6
Q

how does Water & solutes travel through the tubular epithelium (get out of the loop)

A

1 Transcellular rout (transcellular pathway)Through the cell membranes
2 Paracellular rout (peracellular pathway) Between the cells through the tight junctions

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7
Q

what is the filtration rate calculation

A

glomerular filtration rate * plasma concentration

this only works if the substance is freely filtered not bound to plasma protein

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8
Q

what is not filtrated by the glomerulus

A

protein and substances bound to them

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9
Q

what is reabsorb by tubular absorption

A

it is based on the needs of the body and allows for precise control of the body fluid composition

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10
Q

once it is in the interstitial fluid how does it get into the blood

A

travels through the peritubular capillary walls into the blood (mediated by hydrostatic pressure and osmotic flow)

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11
Q

what is the primary active transport for solutes that are moving out of the tube

A

couples with hydrolysis of ATP (ex sodium-potassium ATPase pump

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12
Q

what is the secondary active transport for solutes that are moving out of the tube

A

Coupled indirectly to the energy source (ie ion gradient)

reabsorption of glucose by the renal tubule

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13
Q

how is water always absorbed by the tubular reabsortion

A

passive mechanism EX osmosis

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14
Q

how is sodium reabsorption done in the tubule

A

diffusion across the luminal membrane into the cell (sodium will move from an area of high sodium concentration (inside the tubular lumen) to an area of low sodium (inside the cell) this is because the cell is at -70 millivolts

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15
Q

so now the sodium is now in the cell how does it move into the interstitial

A

by active transport because the cell membrane on the basolateral surface has a sodium-potassium ATPase system pumping the sodium out of the cell

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16
Q

how does the movement of sodium from intercellular fluid into the peritubular capillary

A

passive process

sodium, water and other substances are reabsorbed by ultrafiltration (driven by the osmotic gradient)

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17
Q

how does the secondary active transport work

A

2 or more substances are transported across a membrane by a carrier molecule ( one substance diffuses down its electrochemical gradient then the energy released drives another substans (ex Glucose) against its electrochemical gradient) (I know it is long)

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18
Q

what are the 2 sodium glucose co-transporters

A

sglt2

sglt1

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19
Q

how does SGLT2 work

A

located in the early part of the proximal tubule

transports 90% of the filtered glucose for reabsorption

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20
Q

how does SGLT1 work

A

located in the later part of the proximal tubule

transports the remaining 10% of the filtered glucose for reabsorption

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21
Q

what is in the cell to help glucose get out of the cell

A

GLUT2

GLUT1

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22
Q

where are GLUT2 and GLUT1 located

A

located on the basolateral side of the cell membrane
GLUT2 first part of the proximal tubule
GLUT1 later part of the proximal tubule

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23
Q

what is counter transport

A

secretion of a substance into the tubule by secondary active transport (so since we are actively transporting sodium into the cell we are going to forcing hydrogen out of the cell into the tubular lumen)

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24
Q

Tubular reabsorption by Pinocytosis

A

The protein attaches to the brush border of the luminal
membrane
Causes an invagination of the cell wall, completely
surrounding the protein
This pinches off into the cell
The protein is broken down
The amino acids are reabsorbed into the interstitial fluidthrough the basolateral membrane
(i know it is long but we should know how this works already)

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25
what is Tubular reabsorption-transportmaximum
The limit to the rate at which a solute can be transported during active reabsorption or secretion
26
what is gradient-time transport
Some substances that are passively absorbed do notdemonstrate a transport maximum
27
what do the rates of transport depends on gradient-time transport
Electrochemical gradient The permeability of the membrane to the substance The time the fluid containing the substance remains in the tubule
28
does sodium exhibit a transport maximum
no this is because they are Actively transported
29
look at the last 2 slides on tubular absorption 1
cause i am lazy
30
what is the Kf in GFR=Kf x Net filtration pressure
capillary filtration coefficient of the glomerular capillaries (Permeability of the capillary membrane Surface area of the capillary membrane)
31
what is the net filtration pressure in GFR=Kf x Net filtration pressure
The sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across thecapillary membrane Net filtration pressure=60+0-18-32=10 mmHg
32
what are the osmotic pressures and hydrostatic pressures
Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure – 0mmHg Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure – 18mmHg Glomerular hydrostatic pressure – 60 mmHg Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure – 32mmHg
33
so what is the GFR
GFR=12.5 ml/min/mmHg x 10 mmHg | !!!GFR=125 ml/min !!!
34
so what happens if we decrease Permeability of the capillary membrane or decrease Surface area of the capillary membrane
we decrease the Kf witch decreases the GFR
35
what are the 3 ways to change Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and what will this do to GFR
Arterial pressure Afferent arteriolar resistance Efferent arteriolar resistance increase Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = increase GFR decrease Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = decrease GFR
36
what happens to the GFR if we increase Arterial pressure
increase the GFR
37
what happens when we Constricting the Afferent arteriolar resistance
decrease Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure= decrease GFR the opposite would happen it you Dilate the afferent arteriolar
38
what would happen if we constrict the Efferent arteriolar resistance
Constriction of efferent arterioles increase glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure=increase GFR (slightly)
39
how much of the cardiac output goes to the kidney
22% CONSUMES 2x the oxygen then the brain and 7x more blood
40
how much of the renal blood flow goes to the medulla
only 1-2 % Supplied by the vasa recta that descend into the medulla with the loops of Henle of the jextamedullary nephrons
41
what effect does Sympathetic regulation have on the kidney
Mild-moderate sympathetic activation has little effect on bloodflow & GFR Strong sympathetic activation decreases GFR
42
what will cause a Strong sympathetic reaction
During severe acute situations  Defense reaction  Brain ischemia  Severe hemorrhage
43
what will Epinephrine & Norepinephrine do to the kidney
Constrict afferent and efferent arterioles=decrease GFR
44
what is Endothelin and what will cause it
Released by damaged vascular endothelial cells of the kidney & other tissues  Causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood loss
45
what will Angiotensin II do to the kidney
Powerful renal vasoconstrictor Released (usually) due to decreased arterial pressure or volume depletion Maintain GFR Decrease flow through the peritubular capillaries=increase reabsorption of sodium and water in renal tubules
46
what does Endothelial-derived nitric oxide do to the kidney
Maintains vasodilation of the kidneys | Allows the normal excretion of sodium and water
47
what happens with Patients with atherosclerosis & damage to endothelium
decreased nitric oxide production - Increased renal vasoconstriction - Increased blood pressure
48
what does Prostaglandins and Bradykinin do
Vasodilators, increase renal blood flow & GFR | Counteract the vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
49
look at slide 24 in GFR 2
it has a good pic
50
what is Autoregulation in the kidney
An intrinsic mechanism of the kidneys that keeps blood flow andGFR relatively constant
51
what is Tubuloglomerular feedback
A feedback mechanism that links sodium concentration at themacula densa with renal arteriolar resistance Ensures a constant delivery of sodium chloride to the distal tubules depends on the juxtaglomerular complex
52
how does the Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism work
Macula densa cells sense a decrease in sodium concentration so it 1 Decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles - Inc. GFR 2 Renin is released from juxtaglomerular cells - Inc. GFR
53
what is Myogenic mechanism
The ability of the individual blood vessels in the body to resist stretching during increased arterial pressure  Debated if this mechanism has a direct effect on GFR and renal blood flow regulation  Thought to protect the kidneys from damage during an increasein blood pressure.
54
what are the 4 different ways the kidneyshandle substances
Freely filtered by the glomerulus & not reabsorbedor secreted Freely filtered & partially reabsorbed Freely filtered & totally reabsorbed Freely filtered & not reabsorbed and additional amounts of the substance are secreted
55
what are the Freely filtered & not reabsorbed or secreted stuff
Creatinine, urea, uric acid and other byproductsof metabolism are handled this way
56
what are the Freely filtered & partially reabsorbed
Many electrolytes (sodium, bicarbonate ions &chloride ions)
57
what are the Freely filtered & totallyreabsorbed
Nutritional substances in the blood (amino acids & glucose)
58
what are the Freely filtered & not reabsorbed and additionalamounts of the substance are secreted
Organic acids & bases, foreign substances anddrugs | Excretion in large amounts in the urin
59
what does the Glomerular filtrate
No proteins, no cellular elements |  Glomerular filtrate substances (salts & organic molecules) = plasma
60
what is slit pores
Long footlike projections that encircle the capillaries  Water and solutes are filtered through the gaps between the footlike projections in the Glomerular capillary
61
in the Glomerular capillary membrane Filtration barrier is highly dependent on
molecules size and electrical charge
62
What happens when the negative charge iscompromised
Basement membrane loses it’s electrical charge Albumin is filtered & appear in the urine (proteinurea or albuminuria)  Frothy appearance to the urine
63
what are the Forces that favor filtration GFR
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60mmHg) |  Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure(0mmHg)
64
what are Forces that inhibit filtration (mmHg) GFR
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (18mmHg) |  Glomerular cap. colloid osmotic pressure(32mmHg)

renal (2 decks)

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