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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization takes place

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2
Q

Age grade

A

System found in small traditional cultures by which people belonging to similar age group are categorized together and gold similar rights and obligations

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3
Q

Identity

A

Is people’s understanding about who they are and what is meaningful to them

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4
Q

Peer group

A

A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status

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5
Q

Social identity

A

The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others

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6
Q

Self identity

A

The ongoing process of self development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us

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7
Q

Cognition

A

The ways in which children learn to think about themselves and the environment
Studied by Piaget

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8
Q

Social reproduction

A

The process of preserving values and social practices through socialization which leads to structural continuity over time

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9
Q

Social rules

A

Socially define expectations of an individual in a given status follow
Ex: being a teacher and acting a certain way towards pupils

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10
Q

Social self

A

The basis of self consciousness in human individuals. According to mead a person becomes self conscious by becoming aware of their social identity

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11
Q

Self consciousness

A

Awareness of ones disputing social identity as a person separate from others. Humans are not born with this but rather acquire it from socialization.

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12
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

According to Piaget from ages 2-7 when children master language and use words to represent objects and images in a symbolic fashion

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13
Q

Egocentric

A

According to Piaget it is when a child’s thinking involves understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of ones own positions

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14
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

According to Piaget ages 7-11 children learn abstract thinking and that their actions have causes. They begin mathematical thinking as well

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15
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Theory by Piaget when infants mainly learn by touching objects, manipulating them, and physically exploring their environment

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16
Q

Generalized other

A

A concept in the theory by mead in which the individual takes over the generalized values of s given group or society during the socialization process

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17
Q

Formal operational stage

A

According to Piaget between ages 11-15 when they learn to think critically. Break down problems. Think outside the box. Understand hypothetical situations

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18
Q

Gender socialization

A

The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling the media and family

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19
Q

Gender roles

A

Socials roles assigned to each sex and labeled as masculine or feminine

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20
Q

Roles

A

The expect d behaviors of people occupying particular social positions

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21
Q

Status

A

The social honor that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

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22
Q

Social position

A

The social identity an individual has in a given group

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23
Q

Impression management

A

Preparing for the presentation of ones social role

Ex: striking a pose

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24
Q

Civil inattention

A

When individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another that they are aware of each other’s presence

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25
Nonverbal communication
Communication between individuals based on facial expression rather than language
26
Unfocused interaction
Interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct face to face communication
27
Focused interaction
Interaction between individuals engaged in a common activity or conversation with one another
28
Encounter
A meeting between two or more people in a situation of face to face interaction
29
Response cries
Seemingly involuntary exclamations individuals make when for example they are taken by surprise, or want to express pleasure
30
Clock time
Time as measured by the clock. | Before the clock was invented time was measured by setting of the sun
31
Ethnomethodology
The study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day to day social interaction.
32
Regionalization
The division of social life into different regional settings
33
Social interaction
The process by which we act and react to this around us
34
Conversation analysis
Is a methodology that examines all facets of a conversation for meaning from the smallest filler words (including um and ah) to the precise timing of interchanges (including pauses, interruptions, and overlap)
35
Personal space
The physical space individuals maintain between themselves
36
Time space
When and where events occur
37
Interactional vandalism
Where a subordinate person breaks the tactic rules of everyday interaction that are of value to the more powerful person
38
Compulsion of proximity
The need of individuals to meet face to face
39
Socialization
The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self
40
Front region
The workplace
41
Back region
Areas away from the work place like home | Personal lives
42
Social group
A group of people who regularly interact because they share similar characteristics and have a sense of unity Example: athletic team, a band
43
Social aggregate
People that are in the same area but don't interact. They are unlikely to think of themselves as "we" Example: people in line at the bus
44
Social category
People who share common characteristics but do not interact | Example: gender, occupation, age group, ethnicity
45
Organization
A group with an identifiable membership that engages in collective actions to achieve a common purpose
46
Secondary groups
Groups characterized by large size and by impersonal relationships Example: businesses, school, work
47
Primary groups
Groups that have strong emotional ties, face to face interaction and a strong sense of commitment Example: significant other, family
48
Formal organization
A group designed to achieve its objectives by means of rules and regulations Example: colleges
49
Networks
Sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other
50
In-groups
Where one feels loyalty and respect, the us
51
Out-groups
Those people, a group that doesn't like another group. | Example: frat house judging other houses. Thinking they are the best
52
Reference group
A group that provides a standard for musings ones attitudes of behaviors
53
Ideal type
A pure type constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality Example: webers ideal type of bureaucracy
54
Formal relations
Relations as stated in the rules of an organization
55
Informal relations
Relations that exist in groups developed on the basis of personal connections. Ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure Example: co workers going behind their bosses backs to be re assured with one another
56
Timetables
The means by which organizations regularize activities across time and space
57
Iron law of oligarchy
Webers student, Michels stated that large organizations tend toward centralization of power making democracy difficult
58
Oligarchy
Rule by a small monomer it within an organization
59
Deviance
Modes of action that do not conform to the norms held by most members of a society
60
Sanction
A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior
61
Anomie
Concept created by Durkheim referring to a situation in which social Norms lose their hold over individual behavior
62
Differential association
Proposed by Sutherland that criminal behavior is learned though association with others who regularly engage in crime
63
Labeling theory
A theory that people become defiant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others Example: the child that steals an apple from neighbors yard
64
Primary deviation
According to lemart, the actions that cause others to label one as deviant
65
Secondary deviation
According to lemert occurs when the individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly
66
Conflict theory
Marx believed that crime was caused by inequality | Example: Robyn hood
67
Control theory
Driven by self interest. We are constantly weighing the benefits\cost. Everyone is a potential criminal
68
Corporate crime
Offenses committed by large corporations in a society. Example: pollution, false advertising
69
Deviant subcultures
Subcultures whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority Example: gangs
70
Community policing
An emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing with the community
71
Shaming
A form of punishment that maintains the ties of the offender to the community
72
Broken windows theory
Argues broken windows left unrepaired will attract vandalism. Directed towards prevention of crime by keeping places fixed and clean
73
Functionalists theory
Everyone in society serves a role.
74
Interactionists theory
Say deviance is a socially constructed idea
75
Durkheim on crime
Argues it is normal on a society
76
Merton on crime
Describes 5 types of people 1) conformists (believe in goals and social norms) 2) ritualism don't believe in goals but still follow the norms 3) innovation believe in goals but don't follow social norms (ex:) drug dealer 4) retreatism don't believe in values or norms. (Ex:) the Amish who don't use technology 5) rebel rejects values and norms and try to change society (ex:) revolutionist
77
"Defining deviance down"
If crime is excessive we redefine what is defiant. | Example: prohibition
78
What did Erving goffman say?
Created micro sociology Everyone has a self that is fragile Defined the world as a stage Everyone wants to "save face"
79
What is Freuds theory?
Boys want to marry their moms, Kill their dads. Girls are devalued because they lack a penis.
80
What is chadrows theory?
Boys lack emotions because they are taught not to be sissy, girls are constantly in need of someone there because of their close relationship with their mother growing up
81
What is meads theory
Children develop as social beings by imitation of the those around them

Sociology (5 decks)

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