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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the testing of human fluids and tissues for the presence of potentially toxic chemicals

A

biomonitoring

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2
Q

sciences that helps with understanding the health effects associated with chemical exposures

A

toxicology

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3
Q

science that helps us understand the strength of the association between exposures and health effects

A

epidemiology

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4
Q

three major concepts

agent, host, environment

A

epidemiological triangle

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5
Q

may refer to chemical mixtures, things that may cause that may contribute to the problem

A

agent

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6
Q

community with people

where the agent lives

A

host

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7
Q

factors such as air, soil, food,

temperature, humidity, wind

A

environment

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8
Q

methodology that requires the coding of data so that it is related spatially to a place on Earth

A

Geographic Information System (GIS)

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9
Q

factors associated with long-term warming trends over the last century

A

global warming

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10
Q

disruption in the water supplies, agriculture, ecosystems, and coastal communities due to global warming

A

climate changes

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11
Q

individual, identifiable sources

A

point source

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12
Q

more diffuse exposure causing the problem

A

non-point source

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13
Q

tests that are required to be run and documented for consumer knowledge

A

consumer confidence report

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14
Q

a process to determine the probability of a health threat associated with an exposure

A

risk assessment

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15
Q

the ANA guide to environmental advocacy

A

precautionary prinicple

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16
Q

selection and implementation of a strategy to eliminate or reduce risks discovered through risk assessment

A

risk management

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17
Q

using communication and investigation skills to collect accurate data and report to the manager for further investigation and use of resources

A

risk communication

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18
Q

a process by which the government places limits on the amount of pollution emitted into the air or water

A

permitting

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19
Q

the legally binding document of the governmental limits on the amount of pollution emitted into the air or water

A

permit

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20
Q

a permitted level of emissions, maximum contaminant level, action level for environmental clean-up, or a risk-based calculation

A

environmental standards

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21
Q

the process of ensuring that permit/standard requirements are met

A

compliance

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22
Q

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

A

health

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23
Q

a system and social enterprise, a profession, a collection of methods, knowledge, and techniques, governmental health services

A

public health

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24
Q

the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of social determinants influencing such states and application of this knowledge to control the health problems

A

epidemiology

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25
seeks to describe the occurrence of a disease in terms of person, place and time who, when, where
descriptive epidemiology
26
how and why | determinants of health events
analytic epidemiology
27
determine who has the disease and where and when the disease occurs
distribution
28
the rate of disease, injury, or other condition exceeds the normal level of that condition
epidemic
29
type of ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator
proportion
30
measure of frequency of a health event in a defined population, usually in a specified period of time
rate
31
the probability that an event will occur within a specified time period
risk
32
the rate of development of new cases in a population at risk
incidence rate
33
indicated the proportion of the population at risk who experience the event over some period of time
incidence proportion/cumulative incidence rate
34
measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time
prevalence proportion
35
proportion of persons who are exposed to an agent and develop a disease
attack rate
36
measure of deaths | normally helpful for determining fatal diseases
mortality rate
37
proportion of persons diagnosed with a particular disorder that die within a specified period of time
case fatality rate (CFR)
38
proportion of all deaths that are attributable to a specific cause
proportionate mortality ratio
39
the study of social distribution and social determinants of health and disease
social epidemiology
40
the course of a disease process from onset to resolution
natural history of disease
41
the precision, repeatability, or accuracy of a test
reliability
42
the measure of sensitivity and specificity of a test
validity
43
how accurately the test identifies those with the condition or trait
sensitivity
44
how accurately the test indentifies those without the condition
specificity
45
proportion of the persons with a positive test who actually have the disease
positive predictive value
46
proportion of persons with a negative test who are actually disease free
negative predictive value
47
systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data related to the occurrence of disease and the health status of a given population
surveillance
48
long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality rates
secular trends
49
one temporal and spatial pattern of disease distribution
point epidemic
50
more populate setting
urban
51
range of living on a remote farm to a village to a small town to a larger town to a city
rural-urban continum
52
large area with a core inner city | population of 50,000 or more
metropolitan area
53
large area with a core inner city | population of 10,000-50,000
micropolitan area
54
lack of an urban core, low population density, diverse economic base
non-core area
55
counties surrounding the urban areas, but aren't the urban areas themselves
suburbs
56
population of 9,000 or less | long commute to an urban area
rural
57
fewer than four persons per square mile | few areas with less than two persons per square mile
frontier areas
58
any natural or human-made incident that causes disruption, destruction, and/or devastation requiring external assistance
disaster
59
a disease prevalent over a whole country/world
pandemic
60
a disease or condition regularly found among particular people, area, or time
endemic
61
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
epidemic
62
the consolidation of 20 separate agencies into one unified organization
Homeland Security Act of 2002
63
prevention (mitigation), preparednes, response, recovery
the four stages of disaster management
64
steps taken to reduce risk to people and property from natural hazards before they occur
prevention/mitigation
65
established relationships between partners prior to the incident at the local, regional, state and national levels and ensure seamless service
mutual aid agreement
66
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of specific health data for use in public heatlh
disease surveillance
67
deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants
biological terrorism
68
intentional release of hazardous chemicals into the environment for the purpose of harming or killing
chemical terrorism
69
the nurse begins to search for cases through contacts with the local health providers and health care agencies
active surveillance
70
case reports are sent to local health departments by health care providers or laboratory reports
passive surveillance
71
trends in commonly occurring diseases or key health indicators are monitored
sentinel surveillance
72
developed for particular types of data | may combine active, passive, and sentinel systems
special surveillance

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