Test 1 Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Managed care
A
care plans made with health care providers to help control a patients condition
2
Q
Public health
A
what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
3
Q
Public health core functions
A
assessment, policy development, and assurance
4
Q
Assessment
A
systematically collecting data on the population, monitoring the populations health status, and making information available about health of the community
5
Q
Policy development
A
need to provide leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population, including the use of the scientific knowledge base in making decisions about policy
6
Q
Assurance
A
role of public health in ensuring that essential community-oriented health services are available
7
Q
Community Health Improvement Process (CHIP)
A
a method for improving the health of the population on a community wide basis
8
Q
Quad council
A
group of public health nursing organizations that developed levels of skills to be attained by public health nurses for each of the competencies
9
Q
Public health nursing
A
population-focused
community-oriented
concern for all members of the community, particularly vulnerable subpopulations
10
Q
Population-focused practice
A
emphasizes the promotion of health, the prevention of disease and disability, and the creation of conditions in which all people can be healthy
11
Q
Population/aggregate
A
a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common
12
Q
Subpopulation
A
a smaller population within the bigger population
13
Q
Community health nurses
A
provide direct personal care services to individuals and families outside of the institutional settings
14
Q
Community-based nursing
A
the provision or assurance of personal illness care to individuals and families in the community
15
Q
Community-oriented nursing
A
the provision of the disease prevention and health promotion to populations and communities
16
Q
Cottage industry
A
operated like a small business
17
Q
Integrated systems
A
partnerships, alliances, and other linkages across settings
18
Q
Capitation
A
payment arrangement in which insurers agree to pay providers a fixed sum for each person per month or per year, independent of the costs actually incurred
19
Q
Florence Nightingale
A
This person carefully studied nursing system and method to implement teaching of future nurses
Aided in improving soldiers’ health outcomes using a population-based approach
Emphasized public-health nursing as a the health of the unity being the health of the community
20
Q
District nursing
A
client care in the home in specific areas
21
Q
William Rathbone
A
This person founded the district nursing association
From Liverpool, England
Was a British philanthropist
22
Q
District nursing association
A
a group for district nurses
23
Q
Visiting nurses
A
key to communicating the prevention campaign through home visits and well-baby clinicals
24
Q
Settlement houses
A
neighborhood centers that became hubs for health care, education, and social welfare programs
25
Lillian Wald
This person was the established leader of public health nursing
Became a big part of Henry Street Nurses' Settlement
President of NOPHN
26
American Red Cross
helped initiate home nursing care outside larger cities
| brought home care to the rural areas
27
Town and Country Nursing Services
rural home care, based off of the Red Cross model
28
National Organization for Public Health Nursing
organization to address public health nursing concerns
both nurses and lay supports of PHN
sought to improve the educational and services standards of the public health nurse and promote public understanding of and respect for her work
29
American Public Health Association
established in 1872
| facilitate interprofessional efforts and promote the practical application of public hygiene
30
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
founded in 1909 by Lillian Wald and Lee Frankel
| cooperative program with visiting nurse organizations that expanded availability of public health nursing services
31
Sheppard-Towner Act
passed in 1921
sparked by child morbidity and infant mortality
provided federal matching funds to establish maternal and child health divisions in state health departments
32
Mary Breckenridge
went around on horseback in to the rural backwoods of the Highlands and islands in Scotland to care for patients in their homes
started Frontier nursing
33
Frontier nursing services
generated towards improving care of rural and inaccessible populations in the Appalachian region of southeastern Kentucky
nursing midwives on horseback
34
Social Security Act of 1935
designed to prevent reoccurrence of the problems of the Depression
categorical funding continues to be a preferred federal approach to address health policy objectives
35
National League of Nursing
developed due to the dissolution of the NOPHN, National League for Nursing Education and the Association of Collegiate Schools for Nursing
36
American Nurses Association
a national association that helps to guide and direct nursing practice
37
Community
a group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who may share a common culture, values and norms, and are arranged in a social structure according to relationships which the community has developed over a period of time
38
Typologies
lists of types
| classifying communities by category rather than single definitions
39
Interdependent
parts of the community depend on each other
40
Target of practice
the focus of the nurses practice
| ie: client, family, community as a whole
41
Population-centered practice
healthful change for the whole community's benefit
42
Community competence
provides a basic understanding of the process dimension of community health
developed by Cottrell in 1976
43
Community health
meeting of collective needs by identifying problems and managing behaviors within the community itself and between the community and the larger society
44
Community partnerships
work collectively within a variety of resources within the community to help improve community health
45
Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP)
a type of population-centered approach
46
Partnership
a concept that is as essential for nurses to know and use as are the concepts of community, community as client, and community health
47
Empowerment
advocate and encourage community participants to have an active role in the change process
48
Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health/Planned Approach to Community Health
step-by-step guidelines for community planning and interventions
49
Community assessment
the process of critically thinking about the community
| it involves getting to know and understand the community
50
Database
a big site to help gather data to help assess the community
51
Data collection
obtain usable information about the community and its health
52
Data gathering
the process of obtaining existing and readily available data
53
Data generation
the process of developing data that do not already exist through interaction with community members and groups
54
Informant interviews
directed talks with selected members of the community about community members or groups and events
55
Participant observation
deliberate sharing in the life of a community, to the extent that conditions permit
56
Windshield survey
motorized equivalent of simple observation
generation of data that helps to define the community, the trends, stability, and changes that all serve to define the health of the community
57
Secondary analysis
nurse uses previously gathered data
58
Surveys
report data from a sample of people
59
Community reconnaissance
requires computer and access to the internet to do a survey to the community resourses
60
Community health problems
differences between the community health goals of the nurse and community and the themes or findings revealed by the data analysis
61
Community health strengths
suggested by similarities between the nurses' and community's concepts of community health and the supporting data
62
Problem analysis
seeks to clarify the nature of the problem
63
Problem correlates
factors contributing to the problem and explain the relationship between each factor and the problem
64
Program planning model
proposed by Delbecq and Van De Ven in 1971
| model that shows how to use active community participation in problem definition and program planning
65
Nominal groups
groups in which individuals work in the presence of one another but do not interact
66
Role negotiation
where the person fits into the group
| what their role is
67
Condifentiality
keeps information private
68
Problem prioritizing
problems are evaluated and ranked based on predetermined criteria to determine importance
69
Goals
broad statements of desired outcomes
70
Objectives
precises statements of the desired outcomes
71
Intervention activities
strategies used to meet the objectives, the ways change will be effected and the ways the problem cycle will be broken
72
Value
likelihood that the activity will help meet the objective and finally resolve teh probme
73
Probability
likelihood that the means can be implemented
74
Implementation
involves the work and activities aimed at achieving the goals and objectives
75
Change agent
content-focused roles
76
Change partner
process roles
77
Interacting groups
groups in the community that interact together
78
Lay advisors
people who are influential in approving or vetoing new ideas and from whom others seek advice and information about new ideas
79
Late adopters
those who are last to embrace change
80
Mass media
internet, newspaper, television, radio
81
Evaluation
appraisal of the effects of some organized activity or program
82
Public health programs
programs designed with the goal of improving a population's health status
83
Partnerships
close mutual cooperation between parties having common interests, responsibilities, privileges and powers
84
Public health
an organized approach designed to prevent disease, promote health, and protect populations
85
Federal public health agencies
develop regulations that implement policies formulate by Congress
provide significant amount of funding to state and territorial health agencies for public health activities
survey nation's health status and health needs
set practices and standards
provide expertise that facilitates evidence-based practice
coordinate public health activities that cross state lines
support health services research
86
State public health agencies
organizational unit of the state health officer who works in partnership with other government agencies, private enterprises, and voluntary organizations to ensure that services essential to the public's health are provided for all populations
87
Local public health agencies
implement programs at the community level and provide oversight and consultation for local public health agencies
88
Public health nursing
the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social and public health sciences
89
Incident commander
public health nurse takes charge during a widespread public health emergency
90
Levels of practice
individual, family, group, community-based level at which we practice with
91
Population
collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common
92
Population at risk
population with a common identified risk factor or risk exposure that poses a threat to health
93
Population of interest
population that is essentially healthy but that could improve factors that promote or protect health
94
Determinants of health
factors that influence health status across the life cycle
95
Community
social network or interacting individuals, usually concentrated in a defined territory
96
Prevention
anticipatory action taken to prevent the occurrence of an event or to minimize its effect after it has occured
97
Tertiary prevention
limit further negative effects of a problem
treating the issue after it has occurred
tertiary = treatment
98
Primary prevention
focus on health promotion and disease prevention
protects against threats to health
Primary = prevention
99
Community-level practice
changes community norms, community attitudes, community awareness, community practices, and community behaviors
100
Systems-level practice
changes organizations, policies, laws, and power structures within communities
101
Secondary prevention
detects and treats problems at an early stage to prevent further damage
Secondary = screenings
102
Individual-level practice
changes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals, alone or as a part of a family, class, or group
103
Interventions
actions taken on behalf of communities systems, individuals and families to improve or protect health status
104
Wedges
interventions that are grouped together in the intervention wheel and are colored coded to make them easier to detect the grouping
105
Surveillance
describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions
106
Disease and other health event investigation
systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk, and determines control measures
107
Outreach
locates populations of interest or at risk and provides information about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be obtained
108
Screening
identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in populations
109
Case finding
locates individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them with resources
110
Referral/follow up
assists individuals, families, groups, organizations, and/or communities to identify and access necessary resources in order to prevent or resolve problems or concerns
111
Case management
optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services
112
Delegated functions
direct care tasks an RN carries out under the authority of health care providers under the law
113
Health teaching
communicates facts, ideas, and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems and/or communities
114
Counseling
established interpersonal relationship with a community, system, family, or individual intended to increase or enhance their capacity for self-care and coping
115
Consulation
seeks information and generates optional solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving with a community, system, family, etc.
116
Collaboration
commits two or more people/organizations to achieve a common goal
117
Coalition building
promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose
118
Community organizing
helps community groups to identify common problems or goals, mobilizes resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they collectively set
119
Advocacy
plead's someones cause or act's on someone's behalf with a focus on developing the capacity of the community, etc. to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf
120
Social marketing
use commercial marketing principles and technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population of interest
121
Policy development
places health issues on decision-makers agendas, acquires a plan of resolution, and determines needed resources
122
Policy enforcement
compels others to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies created in conjunction with policy development
123
Intermediate goals
establish meaningful, measurable, achievable goals
124
Outcome health status indicators
help to measure the impact of the interventions on population health
125
Social determinants of health
current trends in public health and health promotions
126
Ecological approach
integrates multilevel interventions to promote the health of the public
127
Built environment
the physical parts of the environment where we live and work
128
Client system
multidimensional with nursing and health care targeting the multiple levels of clients
129
Focus of care
health promotion, illness prevention and illness care
130
Illness care
caring for the sickness that has occurred
| US focus of care
131
Health
alleviating an individuals's illness symptoms
132
Health behaviors
behaviors that are done to affect the health of a person, community, etc.
133
Health promotion
behavior directed toward achieving a greater level of health
134
Illness prevetion
behavior directed toward reducing the threat of illness
135
Heatlh maintenance
focuses on keeping a current state of health
136
Risk appraisal
widely used to help individuals and populations improve their health practice, thereby reducing their risk of disease
individuals supply information about health practices, demographics, and personal/family medical history for comparison with data from epidimediologic studies
137
Photovoice
novel method used in CBPR projects that integrate the strengths of social support and engagement, building local capacity to identify and address community concerns
138
Family nursing
philosophy and a science that is based on the following assumptions:
health and illness are family events
what affects one family affects the whole family
health care practices, decisions, and behaviors are made within the context of the family
139
Family
two or more individuals who depend on one another for emotional, physical, and/or financial support
140
Family functions
ways in which families meet the needs of each family member, the needs of the family as a whole, and the relationship of society
141
Economic family funciton
family income
142
Reproductive family function
patterns and rate of reproduction
143
Socialization function
raising children who fit into societal norms
144
Affective family function
family provides boundaries and structure that provide a sense of belonging and identity
145
Health care family funciton
learns the concept of health care, health promotions, health maintenance, disease prevention and illness care
146
Family structure
characteristics and demographics of individual members who make up family units
147
Family demographics
analysis of family data by looking at data about family and household structures
148
Cohabitation
a couple living together who are having a sexual relationship without marriage
149
Family health
no precise and lacks consensus
| health of the whole family
150
Dysfunctional family
non-compliant, resistant, or unmotivated families
151
Family flexibilty
families who have the ability to adapt to situations
152
Family cohesion
families that have the ability to allow family members to be independent of the family yet remain connected to the family as a whole
153
Family nursing assessment
family as context
family as client
family as system
family as component of society
154
Family nursing theory
evolving synthesis of the scholarship form three different traditions
family social science
family therapy
nursgin
155
Family systems theory
how a family is an organized whole as well as composed of individuals
maintain stability through adaptation to internal and external stresses that are created by change
156
Family development and life cycle theory
provides a framework for understanding normal predicted stresses that families experience as they change and transition over time
157
Bioecological systems theory
developed by Urie Bronbfenbrenner
| describes how environments and systems outside the family influences the development of a child over time
158
Microsystems
composed of the systems and individuals that the family directly interacts with on a daily basis
159
Mesosystems
composed of systems that the family frequently interact with but not on a daily basis
160
Exosystems
external environments that have an indirect influence on the family
161
Macrosystems
broad overreaching social ideological and cultural values, attitudes, and beliefs that indirectly influence the family
162
Chronosystems
time-related contexts in which changes that have occurred over time may influence any or all of the other levels/systmes
163
Genogram
displays pertinent family information in a family tree format
164
Ecomap
visual diagram of the family unit in relation to other units or subsystems in the community
165
Functional health literacy
ability to read and understand numbers in order to use this health information to make informed decisions
166
Family policy
government actions that have direct or indirect effect on famillies
167
Social policy
desicions that affect families is vast
168
Policy
primary determinant of family health
169
Health risks
affected by societal norms
| anything that society deems to be a risk to the health and wellbeing of a person, family, community, etc
170
Risk
any factor resulting in a predisposition toward or an increased likelihood of ill health
171
Biological risk
inherited, genetic predispositions
172
Behavioral risk
actions done by the person to predispose them to illness
173
Health risk appraisal
process of assess for the presence of specific factors in each of the categories that have been identified as being associated with an increased likelihood of an illness, such as cancer, or unhealthy event, such as an automobile accident
174
Health risk reduction
based on the assumption that decreasing the number or risks or the magnitude of risk will result in a lower probability of an undesired event occurring
175
Family crisis
occurs when family is not able to cope with an event/multiple events and becomes disorganized or dysfuncitonal
176
Transitions
movement from one stage or condition to another
177
Life-event risks
risks that occur during a specific life stage/age for a person
178
Social risk
risks related to social factors, i.e. living in high-crime neighborhoods, poor living conditions, malnutrition, etc
179
Economic risk
determined by the relationship between family financial resources and demand on those resources
180
Home visits
visit to the house that helps give a more accurate assessment of family structure, the natural/home environment, and behavior in the environement
181
Initiation phase
first contact between nurse and family
182
Pre-visit phase
gathering information and trying to get a sense of the family before the first visit to the home
183
In-home phase
actual home visits, affords nurse opportunity to assess family's neighborhood and community resources as well as family interactions and the home itself
184
Termination phase
the ending of the home visits/end of care
185
Contracting
constructive approach to working with clients to specify and achieve agreed-on goals and is receiving increasing attention by health care professionals
186
Post-visit phase
documenting the visit and services provided
187
Empowerment
approaches for helping individuals and families assume an active role in promoting their health care
188
Interprofessional collaboration
team approach using a variety of health care professionals to provide optimal care to a patient
189
Home health care
broad concept and approach to services in the hoome
190
Home health nursing
specialized are of nursing practice, rooted in community nursing, that delivers care in the residence of the client
191
Hospice care
introduced to the US by Florence Wald in 1970
| palliative care to a dying patient who has been given less than 6 months to live
192
Palliative care
provide evidence-based physical, emotional, psychosoical, and spiritual or existential care to individuals/families experiencing life-limiting, progressive illnesses
comfort measures only
193
Family caregiving
transportation, helping clients meet their basic needs, providing care such as personal hygiene, meal preparation, medication administration, and simple as well as complex treatments
194
Transitional care
transition from inpatient to home health care to help provide patients with resources that they need to stay healthy at home and prevent their return to an inpatient facility for care
195
Medical home
centralized, accessible health care record for medically complex, chronically ill children
now becoming more widespread for all patients
196
Medicare-certified
home services that medicare will fund and pay for to have their patients a part of
established in 2007
197
Skilled nursing services
Medicare term to describe the duties of the RN and refers to the requirement of nursing judgment
198
Omaha system
initially developed to operationalize the nursing process and provide a practical, easily understood, computer-compatible guide for daily use in community settings
199
Omaha System Problem Classification Scheme
comprehensive, orderly, non-exhaustive, mutually exclusive taxonomy designed to identify diverse clients' health-related concerns
200
Omaha System Intervention Scheme
an important standard of nursing practice in providing interventions
Four categories, 75 targers
201
Omaha System Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes
consists of three five-point, Likert-type scales for measuring the entire range of severity for the concepts of Knowledge, Behavior, and Status
202
Skilled nursing care
care given to a patient in the hospital
203
Outcome and Assessment Information Set
part of the conditions of participation for Medicare-certified home health agencies
204
Outcome-Based Quality Improvement
outcome measurement and cost control
205
Benchmarking
analysis process that has been used by many businesses but is relatively new to health care
206
Accreditation
specific standards set out by JCo or the Community Health Accreditation Program of the National League of Nursing and complete the Medicare survey
207
Interoperability
exchange of coded data and ability to use those data
208
Telehealth
supports long-distance clinical health care, client and professional health-related education, and public health and health administration using electronic information and telecommunications technologies
