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biology 101 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

molecular components of DNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine; deoxyribose (pentose) is the phosphate background (sugar)

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2
Q

molecular components of RNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil; ribose (pentose) is the phosphate background (sugar)

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3
Q

nucleotide

A

base+sugar+phosphate= nucleotide

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4
Q

how can nucleotides be measured

A

by distance and length

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5
Q

DNA and RNA strands

A

nucleotide+ nucleotide(n)= strand

deoxyribonucleotides; ribonucleotides

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6
Q

DNA

A

double stranded; double helix; hydrogen bonds enable the ladder and hold the helix together, bonds can be broken; one sequence predicts the next one; complex macromolecules made of several basic atomic components; encodes genes

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7
Q

DNA hierarchical arrangement

A

dna from each parent arranged into chromosomes (23 chromosomes from each) 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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8
Q

replication

A

process through which DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA

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9
Q

transcription

A

process through which DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA

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10
Q

what causes bonds to break

A

increase in temperature and pH

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11
Q

DNA replication

A

relies on complementary base pairing ; occurs before mitosis and meiosis 1; semi conservative; DNA is synthesized by DNA polymerase in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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12
Q

what is DNA polymerase responsible for

A

synthesizing a new strand of DNA during replication

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13
Q

helicase

A

surrounds and separates enzyme

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14
Q

where are the genes

A

indicated by start (ATG) and stop (TAA, TGA, TAG) codones; hold the code for specific protein

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15
Q

transcription

A

relies on base pairing; RNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase 2

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16
Q

RNA processing in eukaryotic cells

A

splicing out of introns, capping with 5’ methyl cap, polyadenylation

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17
Q

translation

A

ribosomes make proteins from the messages encoded in mRNA; three nucleotide groups called codons encode one amino acid (genetic code)

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18
Q

genetic code

A

each 3-nucleotide mRNA codon specifies a particular amino acid; each tRNA transfer a particular amino acid

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19
Q

mRNA

A

template for the production of proteins, the molecules that build and comprise structures and perform enzymatic reactions

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20
Q

tRNA

A

enables the transfer of amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain

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21
Q

rRNA

A

a component of protein producing ribosomes

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22
Q

the chromosome

A

each in a living cell is a DNA double helix; in the cell nuclei of higher organisms usually linear (larger, complex); some of bacteria are circular
*gene, nucleotide, genome, chromosome (smallest to largest)

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23
Q

viral genomes

Study These Flashcards
A

some made of DNA, others RNA; some single stranded, others double stranded; some integrate their genetic material into the host cell’s genome; small, no introns and complex

24
Q

eukaryotic genomes

Study These Flashcards
A

made of DNA; contain introns and exons; frequently include several to many linear chromosomes; size varies

25
overlapping genes
are read from two different starting points or in opposite directions from a segment of DNA; common to many species, including humans; 1 gene=1 protein; not evenly distributed; gene poor or gene rich
26
gene
short segment of DNA that contains the code or blueprint for one or more proteins
27
prokaryotic genomes
made of DNa; circular or linear; do not contain organelles; float freely inside the cell; size varies
28
human genome
23 pairs of chromosomes (diploid); 1-22 are autosomes; X and Y are sex chromosomes; males are XY, females are XX; mitochondria in egg; 3 billion base of DNA; 1.5-3% codes for proteins; 35000-100000 genes; 99.9% identical at DNA level; alternation lead to disabilities
29
chromatin and DNA packaging
DNA would be 6.8 feet long if stretched out; packaged DNA is chromatin; wound tightly around histones"(bead on a string)*almost 2 meters tiny and thin
30
regulation of human genome
the expression of genes within an organism's genome is tightly regulated by: promoters, enhancers, silencers, methylation, imprinting, alternative splicing, RNA stability; X-inactivation
31
promoters
bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription
32
enhancers
increase transcription of associated genes
33
silencers
suppress transcription of associated genes
34
methylation
attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base result in silencing of gene expression
35
imprinting
special case of methylation, occurs during gametogenesis
36
alternative splicing
allows for multiple proteins from one gene
37
RNA stability
cells control rates at which new mRNA's are transcribed and the rate at which mRNA's decay
38
x-inactivation
lionization; turns off most genes on some of the X chromosomes of females; occurs early in a female's development; inactivated X chromosomes become compacted (Barr Body); random process
39
karyotyping
visual representation of a genome; variations in the number or structure of human chromosomes can cause a variety of genetic disorders; variations in numbers within the cell are called aneuploidies
40
extra copy of chromosome 21
down syndrome
41
extra copy of chromosome 13
patau syndrome
42
blending model
offspring are a blend of parents; blend of characteristics is passed on to the next generation; variation is washed out over time
43
particulate model
offspring are a combination of the parents; parental contributions are passed to the next generation as separate entities; variations is maintained over time
44
Mendel's research
made pure breeding lines for different phenotypes of pea plants; crossed the pure lines to get F1 generation; recessive traits cannot be inherited through complete dominance only if parents are heterozygous for the trait
45
punnet square
bookkeeping tool; allele is the specific form of hereditary particle passed on through male or female gametes; if alleles for the dame gene are different in the same person the individual is heterozygous; useful for predicting the ratios of possible genotypes of a particular combination of alleles
46
Watson and crick
determined the structure of DNA
47
mendel
breeding experiment with pea plants
48
miescher
discovered DNA
49
levene
studied nucleotides, tetranucleotide hypothesis
50
chargaff
chargaff's rules (A+G=T+C)
51
franklin
x-ray crystalography
52
new sequencing
454 pyrosequencing and illumine
53
the DNA instructional manual
each chromosome is a continuous strand of DNA; 3 billions ladders
54
met amino acid
AUG
55
DNA extraction
purified away from proteins and other cellular contaminates isolate DNA for: genetic testing; body identification, analysis of forensic evidence

biology 101 (5 decks)

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