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Flashcards in Test 2 Deck (30)
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1
Q

What are the components of quality health care?

A

1: effectiveness
2: equity
3: patient centeredness
4: timeliness
5: efficiency
6: safety

2
Q

Define evidence based practice:

A

The explicit, conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about care of individual patients(and populations)

3
Q

Aim of EBP?

A

Integrating of best

  • research evidence
  • clinical expertise
  • patient values
4
Q

What is the EBP process?

A

1: Access
2: Ask an answerable clinical question
3: Aquire the evidence
4: Appraise the evidence
5: Apply the evidence

5
Q

What are the possible research designs when there is a control and intervention group?

A

Either Randomised control trial OR

Controlled Clinical Trial

6
Q

What research design is…When 2 large groups, treated and nontreated are followed for years or even decades to count how many develop a particular disease

A

Cohort study

7
Q

Which research design is used when the HISTORIES of a group of people with a condition is compared with a group of people without the condition - in order to find suspected casual factors:

A

Case control

8
Q

Research design of, interviewing women asking if they have had a baby in the past few months and if they took a specific drug during pregnancy?

A

Cross sectional studies

9
Q

What kind of data is mild, moderate, severe?

A

Categorical ordinal

10
Q

What kind of data is gender, eye colour, burning-tingling-shooting?

A

Categorical nominal

11
Q

What kind of data is height, weight, temp?

A

Numerical continuous

12
Q

What kind of data is #students, counts?

A

Numerical discrete

13
Q

Stating the null and alternative?

A

________(Intervention) had not significant effects on _______(what is being measured) of the _______(describe participants)

14
Q

When testing hypothesis with p-values:

A
  1. State significance level (usually alpha = 0.05)
  2. state p values for what effects are being measured
  3. Is the p value greater or smaller than significance level?
    - if P < 0.05 = reject the null
    - if P > 0.05 = fail to reject the null
15
Q

What does a p value of 0.05 mean?

A

When assuming the null (with significance level 0.05)

You’d obtain the observed difference or more in 5% of studies due to random sampling error

16
Q

Why would someone set the significance level at 0.01?

A

When we want to make sure chance plays as small a role as possible
Usually done with a large sample and when there is high risk
Eg. Deadly medications

17
Q

Describe sensitivity:

A

True positive
Probability diagnostic test is positive in patients who do have the disease
Eg. Sensitivity of 0.85 = there is a 85% chance that if the test is positive that you do have the disease

18
Q

Draw out diagnostic accuracy table

A

Now pls

19
Q

Describe specificity:

A

True Negative
Probability diagnostic test is negative in patients that do not have the disease
Eg. Specificity of 0.75? There is a 75% chance that if the test is negative the individual does not have the condition

20
Q

What is the false negative rate?

A

Probability the test will fail to detect disease in a patient with disease

21
Q

What is false positive?

A

Probability test is positive for someone without the disease

22
Q

Use the info given to display the results of the diagnostic test in a table (2x2 table):

A
Y axis = test result 
X axis = disease state 
Both positive then negative 
Only fill table with counts at this stage 
Eg. 12 TP, 14 FP u knooo
23
Q

What is the formula for sensitivity?

A

TP/(TP + FN) X 100

24
Q

What is the formula for specificity?

A

(TN/TN + FP) X 100

25
Q

How do you recommend things based on sensitivity and specificity?

A

Say which one is low, and which one is slightly better
Say how close to 100 eg. Too far from, fairly close
Therefore I would say this is a) not a good test b) a good test for ___

26
Q

In stats what does the 68-95-99.7 rule mean?

A

Just draw a normal distribution with 1-3 standard deviations mannnnnn
“When data is normally distributed the 68-95-99.7 rule refers to approximately how many of your scores will fall between a certain number of standard deviations

27
Q

Explain p-values:

A
  1. It is a probability value that tells you how much chance played a role in that research
  2. The p-value is used to reject or fail to reject the null(the null is the starting point for hypothesis testing)
  3. The p-value is related to the sample in study(draw circle diagram with population and sample and p value and confidence intervals)
28
Q

Explain confidence intervals:

A
  1. Confidence intervals are estimated range of values within which population parameter is going to lie
  2. Confidence level comes from alpha Eg. Significance level of alpha = 0.05 = 95%, 95% confident true pop mean lies between stated values of lower and upper confidence limit
  3. The narrower CI more precise
29
Q

How do you know a study is a randomised control?

A

If it states random allocation anyyywhereere aye

30
Q

What does having a high p value mean? Like 0.749 high?

A

There is a very large probability that results of the study were caused by chance alone