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Geology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Edicarian Fauna

A

during this time fossils went form being rare, simple, and mostly trace fossils in 600Ma to more diversitgy of fossils and radiallly symmetric fossils and bilaterally symmetric fossils in 575-543 Ma.

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2
Q

Snowball Earth

A

Period between 750 Ma and 620 Ma that had widspread glaceration.

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3
Q

most primitive animals with true tissues are what? Tissues have two embryonic layers. What are they?

A

diploblastic. two embryonic layers ectoderm and endoderm.

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4
Q

Cniderian

A

Most Primitive animals with true tissues (This includes jelly fish and corals.) The outer surface is proactive skin and the inner is mainly digestive.

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5
Q

Phyletic Gradualism

A

New species arise by transformation of large ancestral groups (often without splitting - anagenesis)
Transformation occurs over all or a large part of the ancestral species geographic range
Transformation is even and slow
Evolution occurs more or less at the same rate during and between speciation events

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6
Q

Puncated Equilibrium

A

A small subgroup of the ancestral form gives rise to a new group by splitting - cladogenesis
New species originates in a small part of the ancestral species geographic range - peripheral isolates model
New species develop rapidly, then may replace ancestral species
Between speciation events there is stasis

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7
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity lined with mesoderm. Cavity can serve as a means of circulation. Can also serve as a hydrostatic skelton to permit burrowing through sediments.

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8
Q

Protostomes

A

sprial cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth , Mouth forms first

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9
Q

Deuterostomes

A

radial clevage, blastopore becomes adult anus, mouth is formed secondairly.

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10
Q

Blastopore

A

opening in an organism. becomes mouth of anus

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11
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

Protostome’s embryos

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12
Q

Radical Cleavage

A

deuterostomes embryos

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13
Q

Laggerstatten

A

“storage place” fossil localities which are highly remarkable for either their diversity or quality of preservation. miners “Mother lode”

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14
Q

Burgress Shale

A

National Park, Canada, 40 Ma, great preservation of soft-bodied orgainsms, wide diversity of fossil invertebrates.

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15
Q

Archaeocyathid

A

type of coral, cambrian period, conical or cylindrical, outer wall, inner wall, holdfast central cavity

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16
Q

Trilobite (on test)

A

soft appendages. They have two prominent eyes on top of the head. Found in the Burgress Shale
(came about in Cambrian explosion)

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17
Q

Hallucigenia

A

(found in burgess shale and chengjiang,) one side has tenticales one has spines, tentacles have claws on the end so they were probably feet, head and tail not determined.

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18
Q

Pikaia

A

Early chordate

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19
Q

Chengjiang Fauna

A

lagerstatten found in china, Hallucigenia found here

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20
Q

Anomalocaris

A

fond in Chengjiang, “weird shrimp”

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21
Q

Functional Morphology

A

“design of structure that seems to indicate a particular motion

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22
Q

What is Snowball earth theory? What evidence is there for supporting it?

A

theory that ice covered most of the planet, evidence of glacial deposits. Also return of BIF

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23
Q

What ends the Snowball earth cycle?

How many Snowball events were there?

A

increase of CO2 ends snowball.

possibly three snowball earths.

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24
Q

What role(s) did Snowball Earth play in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes?

A

It created more oxygen

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25
Q

What advantages are there to being multicellular? Disadvantages?

A

Increased oxygen, bigger organisms, (Not sure about disadv.)

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26
Q

What was the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Expansion of skeltons, greater amount of skeletal taxa

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27
Q

Which is correct and supported by the fossil record, punctuated equilibrium or phyletic gradualism?

A

A combination of both are proven correct

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28
Q

What advantages are there to possessing a coelom?

A

It helps with burrowing

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29
Q

Which two phyla did I discuss as representatives of the deuterostomes?

A

Either (humans and starfish?

Chordates and echinoderms)

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30
Q

How are deuterostomes and protostomphotoes different?

A

Deuterostomes form their mouth second, protostomphotoes form their mouth first.

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31
Q

What factors contributed to the Cambrian explosion?

A

Increasing oxygen concentrations, Exploiting the seafloor (burrowing), Predation, origination of developmental pathways

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32
Q

Ecological provinces

A

Provinces are real phenomena that result from abrupt changes in climate or geography over short distances.
On average, only 20% of species are common among neighboring provinces.
Faunal diversity in each province can be

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33
Q

Generalists

A

eat a virety of food. Less diversion

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34
Q

Specialists

A

eat mosly the same foods, more diversity

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35
Q

Jack Sepkoski

A

Used factor analysis to describe diversity change

36
Q

Bootleneck

A

diversity decreases then expands, removes incumbent effect, opens up habitat, results in adaptive radiation.

37
Q

Mantle Convection

A

Stuff is pushe up through ridge across lithosphere down back into the earth through a trench and recirculated into the ridge

38
Q

What are the 5 mass extinctions?

A

Late Ordovician, Late Devonian, Permo-triassic, Late triassic, Cretaceous-tertiary

39
Q

What is meant by the term “trigger” with respect to extinctions?

A

What starts to mass extinction

40
Q

What are the 4 mass extinction triggers?

A

Failure of normal ocean circulation (stagnation)
Rapid changes in sea level
Enormous volcanic eruptions
Extra-terrestrial impact

41
Q

Which is the largest mass extinction?

A

Permo Triassic

42
Q

Notochord

A

part of a chordate. Stiff rod used for swimming

43
Q

Dorasal/Ventral

A

dorsal=back, ventral=belly

44
Q

Pharyngeal Arches/slits

A

Support gills

45
Q

Agnathan

A

Jawless fish

46
Q

Ostracoderm

A

earliest fish with hard parts, plated skin (type of agnathan)

47
Q

Heterostracans

A

First abundant fish, head shield eyes on the sides (S-D) (type of agnathan)

48
Q

Osterostracans

A

First paired phins (type of agnathan)

49
Q

Galeaspids

A

limited to asia, first nostril (S-D) (type of Agnathan)

50
Q

Gnathostomes

A

the jawed fish

51
Q

Acanthodians

A

jawed fish, rare, lightly bult, poorly preserved (S)

52
Q

Placoderms

A

jawed fish, abundant, head shield, well developed jaws (D)

53
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

jawed fish, include modern cartilaginous fishes (D-R)

54
Q

Osteichthyes

A

jawed fish, include modern bony fishes (S-R)

55
Q

Shuyu

A

galeaspids, paried nostrils

56
Q

Materpiscis

A

placoderms, live birth, internal fertilization, sexual dimorphic, male pelvic “claspers”

57
Q

Actinopterygians (Rayfins)

A

Possess a light bony skeleton, increase the use of the tail for propulsion, while other fins are for guidance/steering
Rayfins dominate the freshwater and marine environments

58
Q

Sarcopterygians (Lobefins)

A

Separated from actinopterygians as early as the Silurian (Guiyu is the first known sarcopterygian)
Possess lobe fins which have strong, sturdy bones as support and more musculature.
The result is slower acceleration, but more powerful strokes
Early forms evolve one dorsal and two ventral pairs of lobe fins for efficient swimming. This would evolve into the modern vertebrate “pelvic girdle”

59
Q

Guiyu

A

First known sarcopterygians (Lobe fins)

60
Q

Swim bladder

A

Lung for fish, allows for faster oxygen intake

61
Q

What are the general characteristics that define the Phylum Chordata?

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord gill slits

62
Q

What development distinguishes vertebrates as a separate subphylum?

A

Backbone

63
Q

What are the evolutionary advantages of a notochord?

A

Allows for better swimming

64
Q

From what body part did the jaw evolve? What was the original purpose of that body part?

A

The jaw evolved from the gill arches, origianally for gill support

65
Q

What morphologic feature makes Shuyu a candidate for the ancestor of the gnathostomes?

A

paird nostril

66
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

During this time, most major animal phyla appeared

67
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches`

68
Q

Escalation

A

It states that organisms are in constant conflict with one another and therefore devote lots of resources to thwarting the adaptations evolution brings to all competing organisms as time advances

69
Q

What processes and characteristics are necessary for Lagerstatten to form?

A

All processes should be minimized. Physical, Chemical, and biological

70
Q

Laurasia

A

Was the more northern of two super continents. (The other being gondwana) that formed part of Pangea 335 to 175 MA

71
Q

Gondwana

A

Formed 600 to 530 MA. Joined with Laurasia around 300 MA and later became a part of Pangea

72
Q

Cambrian fauna

A

trilobites,

73
Q

Paleozoic fauna

A

Brachiopods, crinoids

74
Q

Modern fauna

A

Mollusces, fishes, crustaceans

75
Q

Ocean anoxia

A

This refers to the Earth’s past where portions of the earth became depleted by too much oxygen

76
Q

Flood basalt

A

A flood basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

77
Q

What role did Sepkoski fill in our modern understanding of diversity through time?

A

He discovered the 3 fauncas

78
Q

How might plate tectonics affect diversity?

A

The land masses drift and species that should be on the same continent end up on separate continents.

79
Q

Diversity in the Cambrian fauna

A

trilobites are responsible for increase in diversity. Late in the Cambrian fauna declined

80
Q

Diversity in the Paleozoic fauna

A

There was diversity in the Ordovician, and it slowly declined afterward. It suffered severely in the late Permian extinction

81
Q

What is the driving force for each mass extinction

A

Late Ordovician - large scale glaciation event
Late Devonian - Ocean stagnation
Permo-triassic - giant eruptions + Plate techtonics
Late Triassic - large eruptions + methane
Cretacous - giant eruptions + asteroid

82
Q

How have extinctions helped to shape the diversity of life through time?

A

It removes organisms from the biosphere and allows survival of fittest

83
Q

Evolutionary radiation

A

This is when new families appear faster than old ones become extinct

84
Q

Myomere

A

blocks of skeleton muscle found commonly in chordates

85
Q

Posttanal tail

A

Appears on chordates

86
Q

Chordates

A

Chordates have, during at least part of their life, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, and gill slits

87
Q

Tunicate

A

they are sea squirts. Which are small boxlike creatures that live as adults in colonies fixed to the seafloor.

Geology (6 decks)

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