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College Ethics > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

corporate social responsibility

A

referring to the ethical responsibilities that a business has to the society in which it operates; the responsibilities that businesses have to the societies within which they operate. In various context, it may also refer to the voluntary actions that companies undertake to address economic, social, and environmental impacts of their business operations and the concerns of their principal stakeholders

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2
Q

economic model of CSR

A

limits a firms social responsibility to the minimal economic responsibility of producing goods and services and maximizing profits within the law; places shareholders at the center

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3
Q

Stakeholder model of CSR

A

the view that business exists within a web of social relationships; views business as a citizen of the society in which it operates and must conform to the normal range of ethical duties and obligations that all citizens face

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4
Q

stakeholder theory

A

a model of corporate social responsibility that holds that business managers have ethical responsibilities to a range of stakeholders that go beyond a narrow view that the primary or only responsibility of managers is to stakeholders

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5
Q

integrative model of CSR

A

for some business firms, social responsibility is fully integrated with the firm’s mission or strategic plan; integrate economic and social goals

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6
Q

corporate sustainability report

A

provides all stakeholders with financial and other information regarding a firm’s economic, environmental, and social performance

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7
Q

reputation management

A

the practice of caring for the “image” of a firm

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8
Q

what do businesses have a social responsibility to do

A

obey the law

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9
Q

what do businesses have to do socially in terms of economics

A

produce the goods and services that society demands

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10
Q

what does CSR refer to

A

the ethical expectations society has for business; what a business should or ought to do for the sake of society, even if it comes with an economic cost

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11
Q

what are the three different levels of responsibilities that philosophers look at

A

do good, prevent harm, don’t cause harm to others

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12
Q

do good meaning

A

volunteering and charity work; good thing to do, but if they don’t they aren’t punished for it

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13
Q

prevent harm meaning

A

“good samaritan cases”; people trying to prevent harm even though they don’t have any obligation or duty to do such a thing; example would be telling a company to use renewable energy

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14
Q

dont cause harm to others

A

often called a duty or an obligation to indicate that they oblige us in the strictest sense, responsibilities in this sense bind, or compel, or require us to act in certain ways; enforced by legal punishment; example would be for a business not to sell a product that causes harm to consumers, even if they would make a profit doing so

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15
Q

is there a duty for business not to cause harm

A

even when not explicitly prohibited by law, ethics would demand that we not cause avoidable harm

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16
Q

what is the strongest sense of responsibility for businesses

A

not to cause harm

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17
Q

what are the three sub-categories under the CSR

A

economic, Stakeholder, integrative

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18
Q

overview of economic model

A

primary responsibility is to maximize the profit within the law (also known as managerial capitalism)

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19
Q

overview of stakeholder model

A

business managers have responsibilities to a range of stakeholders

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20
Q

overview of integrative model

A

social responsibility is integrated directly into the mission and purpose of the corporations

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21
Q

according to economic model why do business exists

A

benefit society by producing goods and services and creating jobs and wealth that provide further social benefits

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22
Q

which form of business did the law create and what did it do

A

corporation; promotes economic ends by limiting the liability of individuals for the risks involved in these activities

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23
Q

what does the economic model think about other responsibilities

A

feels that they don’t have any social responsibilities beyond the economic and legal ends for which it was created

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24
Q

where are shareholders in the economic model

A

right at the center

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25
what philosophy is the economic model like
utilitarianism
26
why does the stakeholder model exist
to create value for a range of stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and local communities as well as investors and stockholders
27
who does the business manager have responsibilities to in stakeholder model
those who have a stake in the success or failure of the company, not those who are invested financially
28
Norman Bowie's beliefs on stakeholder model
think that it goes beyond following the law, thinks that you have also have to follow and respect human rights and treat everyone the correct way; "Moral minimum; like the Kantian theory
29
narrow view of stakeholder
anyone who is vital to the survival and success of the corporation
30
how does the stakeholder model feel about the narrow way
think that it fails both as an accurate descriptive and as a reasonable normative account of business management
31
wide view of stakeholder model
any group or individual who can affect or be affected by the corporation
32
how does stakeholder model feel about the wider view
they like it and use it for the most part
33
what philosophy is stakeholder model like
utilitarianism
34
what is the integrative model
integrate economic and social goals
35
who uses the integrative model more
nonprofits and things alike
36
what is sustainability within the integrative model
holds that a firm's financial goals must be balanced against, and perhaps even overridden by, environmental considerations
37
what do defenders of integrative model think
point out that all economic activity exists within a biosphere that supports all life
38
how can a business be making money and still fail its fundamental social responsibility
uses resources at unsustainable rates and that creates waste at rates that are too fast
39
what is the narrow view of economic model
a business is an institution that exists to benefit society by producing goods and serves an, by doing this, creates jobs and wealth that provide further social benefits
40
which of the following is the most demanding social responsibility
a business should not sell a product that causes harm to consumers
41
how is the philanthropic model different form the repetitional model with social cause
underlying motivation; why you are doing the good
42
what is the stakeholder theory an example of
social web model of CSR
43
what is triple bottom line
?????????????? FIGURE OUT IN CLASS
44
due process
the right to the protected against the arbitrary use of authority; in legal contexts, due process refers to procedures that police and courts must follow in exercising their authority over citizens; in the employee context, due process specifies the conditions for basic fairness within the scope of the employer's authority over its employees
45
Employment at will (EAW)
the legal doctrine that hold that, absent a particular contractual or other legal obligation that specifies the length or conditions of employment, all employees are employed "at will"; employers are free to fire an employee at any tie and for any reason; an EAQ worker may opt to leave a job at any time for any reason, without having to offer any notice at all
46
just cause
a standard for terminations or discipline that requires the employer to have sufficient and fair cause before reaching a decision against an employee
47
IRS 20-factor analysis
a list of 20 factors to which the IRS looks to determine whether someone is an employee or an independent contractor
48
common law agency test
a persuasive indicator of independent contractor status that provides the employer the ability to control the manner in which the work is performed; the employer need not actually control the work, but must merely have the right or ability to control the work for a worker to be classified as an employee
49
economic realities test
a test by which courts consider whether the worker is economically dependent on the business or, as a matter of economic fact, is in business for himself or herself
50
downsize
the reduction of human resources at an organization through the terminations, retirements, corporate divestments, or other means
51
occupational safety and health administration
an agency of the federal government that publishes and enforces safety and health regulations for U.S. businesses
52
sweatshops
up for debate; some might say that they are workplaces with conditions that are below standards, argue that all humans have rights to equally decent working conditions; in the text it has the definition as the following: any workplace in which workers are typically subject to two or more of the following conditions... systematic forced overtime, systematic health and safety risks that stem from negligence of the willful disregard of employee welfare, coercion, systematic deception, underpayment, income for a 48-hour workweek less than the overall poverty rate for that country
53
child labor
children who work; exploitative work that involves some harm to a child who is not of an age to justify his or her presence in the workplace
54
diversity
refers to the presence of differing cultures, languages, ethnicities, races, affinity orientations, genders, religious sects, abilities, social classes, ages, and national origins of the individuals of a firm
55
multiculturalism
refers to the principle of tolerance and inclusion that supports the co-existence of multiple cultures, while encouraging each to retain what which is unique or individual about that particular culture
56
affirmative action
policy/program that strives to dress past discrimination through the implementation of proactive measures to ensure equal opportunity; the intentional inclusion of previously excluded groups
57
reverse discrimination
decisions made or actions taken against those individuals who are traditionally considered to be in power or the majority, such as white men, or in favor of historically non-dominant group
58
what are health and safety considered
like work, they are "goods" valued as a means for attaining an end as ends in themselves
59
does health and safety have intrinsic value or instrumental value
both; if a person dies in a workplace accident, their lost wages would be the instrumental value/ the intrinsic value of their life is irreplaceable by financial means
60
from the risk perspective, when is a workplace safe
if the risks are acceptable; if the probability of harm involved is equal or less than that of a normal common activity, then it is deemed safe
61
problems with the risk health view
doesn't look at employees rights or input as stakeholders, doesn't look at employees rights of having a fully safe work environment, assumes equivalency between workplace risks and other types of risks
62
health and safety as market controlled
individual bargaining as the approach; those who want higher safety standards get lower wages, those who are willing to take higher risks will have higher wages
63
what does the OHSA aim to achieve
the safest feasible standards, allowing tradeoffs between health and economics
64
what do critics in both industry and government argue
that OHSA should use cost-benefits analysis when setting standards; would lead back to the market based approach of individual bargaining, along with its ethical challenges
65
what is the policy that has emerged by consensus in the U.S
if risks have been reduced to the lowest feasible level and employees are fully aware of them, then the duty is done
66
covert racial discrimination
whites are more benefitted and viewed as better
67
covert gender discrimination
women often face distinct challenges; face different expectations
68
what is affirmative action
refers to a policy or program that tries to respond to instances of past discrimination by implementing proactive measures to ensure equal opportunity later
69
what are the three ways that affirmative actions arises
through legal requirements of executive order 11246, a court requirement of "judicial affirmative action" to remedy a finding go past discrimination, voluntary affirmative action plans
70
employment at will statement
has both utilitarian and deontological elements
71
relative risks
comparison of the probabilities of harm involved in various activities would determine it
72
which act was passed in 1964 to prohibit classes of discrimination
United States Civil Rights Act
73
SCENARIOS FROM CLASS
REVIEW THEM
74
definition of privacy
the right to be "Let alone" within a personal zone of solitude, and/ or the right to control information about oneself
75
privacy rights
the legal and ethical sources of protection for privacy in personal data
76
new technology and privacy
opens up many more doors that need to be looked at in terms of privacy
77
necessary elements when new technology is dependent on information
truthfulness and accuracy, respect for privacy, respect for property and safety rights, accountability
78
employee advocates for limited monitoring
may create a suspicious and hostile workplace, can increase stress and lead to unhappy workers, which can then lead to negatively affected work; claim that it can be an invasion of privacy
79
monitoring program that balances interest of employer and employee
no monitoring in private areas, limit monitoring to within the workplace, employees should have access to information gathered during monitoring, no security monitoring-- advance notice required, should only attain some business interest, employee may only collect job-related information, there needs to be a disclosure agreement, no discriminating based on off-work activities
80
William Parent questions for whether monitoring has to happen or not
for what purpose is the undocumented personal knowledge sought, is this purpose a legitimate and important one, is the knowledge sought relevant to its justifying purpose, is invasion of privacy the only way of obtaining the means of knowledge, what restrictions have been placed on the privacy invading techniques, how will the personal knowledge be protected once it has been acquired
81
what are the 4 P's of marketing
product, price, promotion, placement
82
what are the three main concerns of marketing
the degree to which individuals freely participate in an exchange, the benefits and costs of each exchange, and other values affected by the exchange
83
while approaching an ethical issues in marketing, the rights based tradition would
ask to what degree the participants are respected as free and autonomous agents rather than treated simply as a means to the end of making a sale
84
utilitarian tradition and marketing
would want to know the degree wo which the transaction provided actual as opposed to merely apparent benefits
85
other ethical beliefs and marketing
would also wonder what other values might be at stake in the transaction
86
why is the legal doctrine of strict liability ethically controversial
it holds a business accountable for paying damages whether or not not it was at fault
87
what is Caveat Emptor
"Buyer Be ware"; informed consent when buying
88
who does the implied warranty of merchantability shift the burden from
consumers to producers
89
strict product liability standard
society creates a strong incentive for businesses to produce safer goods and services by holding them responsible for any harm their products cause
90
which ethical traditional would have the strongest object to manipulation
principle based
91
how does advertising distort the economy
it creates irrational and trivial consumer wants

College Ethics (7 decks)

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