Test 2

Question 1

Fear is a normal and common experience
More intense and persistent fear
•Greater desire to avoid the feared object or situation
•Distress that interferes with functioning

Answer 1

PHOBIAS

Question 2

technically are categorized as “specific”

Answer 2

Phobias

Question 3

Persistent fears of specific objects or situations
When exposed to the object or situation, sufferers experience immediate fear
Most common: Phobias of specific animals or insects, heights, enclosed spaces, thunderstorms, and blood

Answer 3

SPECIFIC PHOBIAS

Question 4

WHAT CAUSES SPECIFIC PHOBIAS?

Answer 4

Phobias develop through conditioning

Question 5

Other behavioral explanations
•Phobias develop through modeling
•Observation and imitation
•Phobias are maintained through avoidance
•Phobias may develop into GAD when a person acquires a large number of them
•Process of stimulus generalization: Responses to one stimulus are also elicited by similar stimuli

Answer 5

Causation of phobias

Question 6

Some specific phobias are much more common than others
•Theorists argue that there is a species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears
•Called “preparedness” because human beings are theoretically more “prepared” to acquire some phobias than others

Answer 6

A behavioral-evolutionary explanation of causation of phobias

Question 7

Systematic desensitization
•Technique developed by Joseph Wolpe
•Teach relaxation skills
•Create fear hierarchy
•Pair relaxation with the feared objects or situations
•Since relaxation is incompatible with fear, the relaxation response is thought to substitute for the fear response

Answer 7

Phobia treatment

Question 8

In vivo desensitization (live)

•Covert desensitization (imaginal)

Answer 8

Types of Phobia treatments

Question 9

Fear of being in public places or situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, should they experience panic or become incapacitated
•Pervasive and complex

Answer 9

AGORAPHOBIA

Question 10

Many people with agoraphobia experience extreme and sudden explosions of fear, called

Answer 10

Panic attacks

Question 11

Exposure therapy
Support group
Home-based self-help

Answer 11

TREATMENT FOR AGORAPHOBIA

Question 12

Marked, disproportionate, and persistent fears about one or more social situations

Answer 12

SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

Question 13

Two components must be addressed:
•Overwhelming social fear
•Address fears behaviorally with exposure
•Lack of social skills
•Social skills and assertiveness trainings have proved helpful

Answer 13

TREATMENTS FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

Question 14

Made up of two components:
•Obsessions
•Compulsions
•Repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety

Answer 14

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Question 15

Feel excessive or unreasonable
•Cause great distress
•Take up much time
•Interfere with daily functions

Answer 15

symptoms of OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Question 16

The battle between the id and the ego
•Three ego defense mechanisms are common:
•Isolation: Disown disturbing thoughts
•Undoing: Perform acts to “cancel out” thoughts
•Reaction formation: Take on lifestyle in contrast to unacceptable impulses

Answer 16

OCD: THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Question 17

In a fearful situation, they happen to perform a particular act (washing hands)
•When the threat lifts, they associate the improvement with the random act
After repeated associations, they believe the compulsion is changing the situation
•Bringing luck, warding away evil, etc.
The act becomes a key method to avoiding or reducing anxiety

Answer 17

OCD: THE BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 18

Cognitive theorists begin by pointing out that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts
•People with OCD blame themselves for obsessive thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen as a result

Answer 18

OCD: THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Question 19

• People with OCD tend to:
• Be more depressed than others
• Have exceptionally high standards of conduct and morality
• Believe thoughts are equal to actions and are capable of bringing harm
• Believe that they can, and should, have perfect control over their thoughts and behaviors

Answer 19

OCD: THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Question 20

hair-pulling disorder

Answer 20

Trichotillomania

Question 21

Frontal cortex and caudate nuclei compose brain circuit that converts sensory information into thoughts and actions

Answer 21

Brain regions implemented with OCD

Question 22

Arousal and fear are set in motion by the hypothalamus

Answer 22

THE FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE

Question 23

An extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all other organs of the body

Answer 23

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 24

A network of glands throughout the body that release hormones

Answer 24

Endocrine system

Question 25

ymptoms begin within four weeks of event and last for less than one month

Answer 25

Acute stress disorder

Question 26

Symptoms may begin either shortly after the event, or months or years afterward

Answer 26

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 27

``` Symptoms: •Re-experiencing the traumatic event •Avoidance •Reduced responsiveness •Increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt ```

Answer 27

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS DISORDERS

Question 28

Extraordinary trauma can cause a stress disorder

Answer 28

True

Question 29

People who have been abused or victimized often experience lingering stress symptoms •Over one-third of all victims of physical or sexual assault develop PTSD

Answer 29

Causation of ACUTE AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS?

Question 30

are unable to recall important information, usually of an upsetting nature, about their lives •The loss of memory is much more extensive than normal forgetting and is not caused by physical factors •is directly triggered by a specific upsetting event

Answer 30

DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA

Question 31

not only forget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location ●Fugues tend to end abruptly

Answer 31

DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE

Question 32

disorder involves a persistent or recurring feeling of being detached from one's body or mental processes, like an outside observer of their life (depersonalization), and/or a feeling of being detached from one's surroundings (derealization).

Answer 32

depersonalization vs derealization

Question 33

Marked by five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks •In extreme cases, symptoms are psychotic, including •Hallucinations •Delusions

Answer 33

Major depressive episode

Question 34

No history of mania

Answer 34

Major depressive disorder | •Criteria 1 and 2 are met

Question 35

People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania

Answer 35

Bipolar Disorders

Question 36

Dramatic and inappropriate rises in mood Emotional symptoms •Active, powerful emotions in search of outlet Motivational symptoms •Need for constant excitement, involvement, companionship Behavioral symptoms •Very active – move quickly; talk loudly or rapidly

Answer 36

Symptoms of Mania

Question 37

Full manic and major depressive episodes •Some experience an alternation of episodes •Others have mixed episodes

Answer 37

Bipolar I disorder

Question 38

Hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes

Answer 38

Bipolar II disorder

Question 39

Dealing women after giving birth

Answer 39

postpartum depression

Question 40

effective as antidepressant drugs are, it is important to recognize that they do not work for everyone •Even the most successful of them fails to help at least 35 percent of clients with depression

Answer 40

Treatments for Unipolar Depression: Biological Approaches

Question 41

Social Treatments •Couple therapy •behavioral marital therapy (BMT) •Focus is on developing specific communication and problem-solving skills •If marriage is filled with conflict, BMT is as effective as other therapies for reducing depression

Answer 41

Treatments for Unipolar Depression: Sociocultural Approaches

Question 42

Psychotherapy alone is rarely helpful for persons with bipolar disorder •Mood stabilizing drugs alone are also not always sufficient •30% or more of patients don't respond, may not receive the correct dose, and/or may relapse while taking it •As a result, clinicians often use psychotherapy as an adjunct to lithium (or other medication-based)

Answer 42

Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: Adjunctive Psychotherapy

Question 43

Therapy focuses on medication management, social skills, and relationship issues •Growing research suggests that it helps reduce hospitalization, improves social functioning, and increases clients' ability to obtain and hold a job

Answer 43

Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: Adjunctive Psychotherapy

Question 44

All manner of research has attested to the effectiveness of lithium and other mood stabilizers in treating manic episodes •More than 60% of patients with mania improve on these medications •Most individuals experience fewer new episodes while on the drug •Mood stabilizers also help those with bipolar disorder overcome their depressive episodes to a lesser degree

Answer 44

Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers