Test 2 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common erythrocyte disorder?
A
anemia
2
Q
What are the clinical signs of anemia?
A
weakness, lethargy, pale mm, heart murmur
3
Q
What disorder may be subclinical and show up on a blood exam?
A
anemia
4
Q
What are the 2 basic causes for anemia?
A
loss from body and destruction in body
5
Q
What are some tests to detect anemia?
A
PCV, Hb, RBC morphology
6
Q
When detecting anemia, you check the bone marrow response to determine what?
A
regenerative or non-regenerative by retic count
7
Q
What is regenerative anemia?
A
normal bone marrow
8
Q
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
A
cut of chronic blood loss from various causes
9
Q
What can cause regenerative anemia?
A
blood loss or hemolytic
10
Q
What causes blood loss?
A
external or internal trauma
11
Q
What is Hemolytic?
A
destruction of rbi’s in the body
12
Q
What can cause hemolytic?
A
blood parasitic destruction, heinz bodies fragility from toxins, immune-mediated influenced by virus, poisonous plants
13
Q
What is non regenerative anemia?
A
decreased production
14
Q
Which kind of anemia is not as well understood and many are secondary to other problems?
A
non regenerative
15
Q
Abrupt clinical signs suggest what?
A
acute hemorrhage or hemolysis
16
Q
Gradual clinical signs suggest what?
A
chronic hemorrhage or decreased bone marrow production
17
Q
What is some evidence of blood loss?
A
hematuria or blood in vomitus
18
Q
What is performance status?
A
clinical signs such as weakness or fatigue after exertion or decreased weight
19
Q
Performance status may suggest what?
A
an underlying condition
20
Q
What are some underlying conditions that performance status may suggest?
A
renal disease or exposure to toxic chemicals such as lead
21
Q
What is included in a physical exam when looking for anemia?
A
fever, pale mm, icteric, palpation for internal masses, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, or swollen glands
22
Q
What is included in a lab evaluation for anemia?
A
CBC with special attention to PCV, Hb, Retic count and RBC morphology observation
23
Q
What are some other lab tests that would be included for anemia?
A
Coombs test, serum iron, urine bilirubin or testing fragility of rbc’s
24
Q
How are anemias classified?
A
RBC size, Hb concentration an bone marrow response
25
What is haemobaartonellosis?
Feline Infectious Anemia
26
What can Feline infectious anemia also be called?
micoplasma haemofelis
27
What are some clinical signs of feline infectious anemia?
low RBC, RCV, and Hb, moderate leukocytosis, parasitized rbcs
28
What happens to the total leukocyte count in feline infectious peritonitis?
can range from leukopenia to leukocytosis
29
What happens to the neutrophils in feline infectious peritonitis?
generally neutrophilic with a mild left shift
30
What percentage of anemia in feline infectious peritonitis?
40% of the cases
31
Why is there anemia in patients with feline infectious peritonitis?
due to bone marrow depression
32
What happens in feline panleukopenia?
marked leukopenia
33
What happens in Canine dermatosis allergic?
increased eosinophils
34
What happens in canine diabetes mellitus?
leukocytosis as a result of tissue necrosis, stress, secondary infection or pancreatitis
35
What happens in canine ethylene glycol poisoning?
increased PCV, Hb, rbc count, neutophilia
36
What happens in heat worms in canines?
leukocytosis and eosinophils
37
What happens in lead poisoning in canines?
produces a defect in rbc maturation, may see few retics but numerous nrbcs
38
What happens in pyometra in canines?
marked leukocytosis, neutrophilic shift to the left with toxic cells
39
What happens in Septic arthritis in horses?
increased number of neutrophils with bands evident
40
What happens in Equine Infectious Anemia?
fluctuation in numbers of rbcs, tendency to leukopenia
41
What happens in Influenza in horses?
total leukocyte count is usually low, lymphopenia
42
What happens in Strangles in horses?
leukocytosis with marked left shift and neutrophilia and anemia
43
What happens in Tetanus in horses?
leukocytosis and erythrocytes are normal
44
What happens with Viral arthritis in horses?
leukopenia
45
What happens in Anaplasmosis in cattle?
PCV and Hb will be reduced, leukocytosis with left shift, and abnormal rbc morphology
46
What happens in Bovine Viral Diarrhea?
prior to febrile period see low wbc followed by leukocytosis
47
What happens in Coccidiosis in cattle?
Hb and PCV are lowered in severely affected calves due to hemorrhage into intestinal tract
48
What happens in Retained fetal membrane in cattle?
total leukocyte count may be lower, increased band neutrophils, monocytosis
49
What happens in shipping fever in cattle?
with clinical signs see increased total leukocytes, band neutrophils
50
What happens in E. Coli in pigs?
marked leukopenia within minutes, followed in 24 hours by an increase in leukocytes
51
What happens with exercise in pigs?
total leukocyte count increases
52
What happens in iron deficiency in pigs?
nrbcs, hb decreases, anemia microcytic
53
What happens in salmonellosis in pigs?
leukocytosis may see 50,000/microliter
54
What happens in transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs?
may see leukopenia during febrile period
55
What happens in septicemia, streptococcal in pigs?
total leukocyte count over 20,000/microliter
56
What is hemostasis?
a complex mechanism composed of a progression of physical and biochemical changes
57
What initiates hemostasis?
by injury to the tissues and blood vessels and terminating in the transformation of fluid blood into a solid clot
58
What are the 3 aspects of the hemostatic apparatus?
blood vessel, platelets, blood coagulation factor
59
Induced or spontaneous hemorrhage is halted by what?
the process of hemostasis
60
Hemostasis involves a complex series of physiological and biochemical events that involve what?
both promotion and inhibitors of blood coagulation
61
Primary hemostasis is initiated when?
vascular injury disrupts endothelium and exposes sub endothelium tissues to flowing blood
62
What is the 1st step of hemostasis?
small cut, vasoconstriction and + platelets
| large cut, increasingly complex
63
What is the 2nd step of hemostasis?
platelets aggregate
64
What is the 3rd step of hemostasis?
adhesion of platelets to exposed basement membrane
65
What is the 4th step of hemostasis?
hemostatic plug formation is a mass of platelets sealing the blood vessel with a loose plug to stop the bleeding
66
What is the 5th step of hemostasis?
plasma coagulation factors include extrinsic system-tissue or extravascular intrinsic system-intravascular
67
What is the 6th step of hemostasis?
prothrombin>thrombin>fibrinogen>fibrin
68
What is the 7th step of hemostasis?
fibrin consolidates the platelet plug by a fibrin network around the plug and contracts over it to form a stable clot
69
What is the 8th step of hemostasis?
to prevent the process from continuing and causing a complete occlusive thrombus
70
The forces of hemostasis and dissolution of the clot must be in what and why?
equilibrium to prevent bleeding or excessive thrombus
71
It is important that blood vessel walls are what?
structurally and functionally normal
72
What are thrombocytes?
small cytoplasmic fragments from megakaryocytes found in circulating blood
73
Where are thrombocytes produced?
bone marrow
74
What is the platelets role in hemostasis?
aggregate to form a hemostatic plug
75
Platelets are a catalyst to assist in what?
initiating the coagulation cascade
76
Platelets are important in what?
clot retraction
77
How many factors are involved in clotting mechanism?
12
78
How can we evaluate coagulation?
estimate platelets on blood film(10 FOV), manual test w/ PCV tube crack until fibrin strand, use vet scan test for PT/PTT and fibrinogen
79
What kind of rbcs do canines have?
typical biconcave disks, distinct central pallor, slight rouleaux is normal
80
In canines the retics # is how much in the adult?
less than 2%
81
In canine you may see what?
howell-jolly bodies with corticosteroids
82
WBC count is highest in what age of canines?
highest in young dogs and gradually decreases with age
83
In canines when is there an increase in WBC?
with muscular activity, excitement, apprehension or emotional stress
84
What kind of mature neutrophils do canines have?
irregular lobes, chromatin is clumped, cytoplasm is faint pale grey with indistinct, diffuse, pinkish granulation
85
What kind of immature neutrophils do canines have?
only small numbers are normal, nucleus is a smooth band with parallel side
86
What kind of eosinophils do canines have?
nucleus, when visible is segmented, granulation is variable, granules appear faintly when eosin stain
87
What kind of basophils do canines have?
granules vary in number and in size, granules never fill cytoplasm, which is light grey
88
What kind of lymphocytes do canines have?
variable size/small most common, nucleus almost fills the cell, "Crescent" of cytoplasm visible, nuclear chromatin clumped and dark staining
89
What kind of monocytes do canines have?
largest, amoeboid nucleus, cytoplasm has "ground'glass appearance, "lace-like" or "frothy", cytoplasm may exhibit vacuoles, nuclear chromatin is diffuse
90
What kind of platelet do canines have?
roundish structures with central cluster of fine, purplish granules surrounded by a pale blue matrix, may see long "thread like" processes projecting several directions, sometimes clumped
91
What kind of rbcs do cats have?
Howell-jolly bodies may be seen in small numbers in normal cats
92
In cats, howell-jolly bodies may be seen occasionally as well as what?
NRBCs
93
In cats, what can be seen with the use of ketamine?
false anemia
94
What may anemia be disguised with in cats?
emotional stress
95
What is common in basophils in cats?
basophilic stippling
96
What does a mature neutrophil look like in cats?
nucleus usually a twisted coil, cytoplasm is grayish with pink tinged granulation
97
How many immature neutrophils are in cats?
small in numbers
98
What do immature neutrophils look like in cats?
slim nucleus with parallel sides, no lobes
99
What do eosinophils look like in cats?
pinkish granules are "rod-like" and numerous
100
What do mature basophils look like in cats?
contains numerous, small, round, slightly stained granules in light grey cytoplasm
101
How big are lymphocytes in cats?
mostly small
102
What do platelets look like in cats?
small, punctile and sometimes clumped
103
Cats are subject to significant changes in WBC numbers due to what?
their tendency to dump cells from the marginal pool when excited
104
In the horse the spleen is the reservoir of what?
erythrocytes to be released any time
105
Do horses have reticulocytes?
no
106
What rbc formation is normal and prominent in horses?
rouleaux
107
What are neutrophils like in horses?
common with irregular outlines
108
What cell is rare in horses?
basophil
109
What cells are common in horses?
monocytes and lymphocytes
110
What is common with bovine rbcs?
anisocytosis
111
What happens to bovine rbcs with disease?
punched out
112
What cells are rare in bovines?
immature neutrophils
113
What do eosinophils look like in bovines?
granules small and round, intensely red
114
What percentage is lymphocytes in bovines?
70-80%
115
What do platelets look like in bovines?
rossette shaped
116
What is common in pigs rbc?
crenation
117
What do neutrophils look like in pigs?
coiled nucleus
118
What do eosinophils look like in pigs?
small, round granules
119
What cell is most numerous in sheep and goats?
lymphocytes
120
Which domestic animal has the smallest rbc?
goats
