Test 2

Question 1

Lichbach and Zuckerman, 1997

Answer 1

The reading argues that all of the three main comparativist ideologies, rationalism, culturalism, and structuralism, seek to understand important events of both the past and present by employing and applying unique modes of comparison.

Question 2

Lerner, 1957

Answer 2

This reading argues that the people of Balgat would desire more than life inside of their small village if they are exposed to the world outside of Balgat.

Question 3

Weber, 1918

Answer 3

The reading argues that modernization has led to the expropriation of political organization from numerous lords to the state, leading to states becoming more bureaucratic, with the political power residing with one body and staff being delegated jobs that keep them dependent upon the state.

Question 4

Rotberg, 2002

Answer 4

The reading argues that a nation-state fails when it is unable to provide adequate goods or services to its people due to bad leaders or groups in the state, removing the legitimacy of its government and causing a power vacuum that can be filled by unsanctioned violence and corruption.

Question 5

Herbst, 1990

Answer 5

The reading argues that Africa has not seen the political organization and state development that Europe experienced because it has not had significant interstate war to cause a more efficient tax system and a national identity to develop.

Question 6

Posner, 2004

Answer 6

“I argue that the political salience of a cultural cleavage will depend on the sizes of the groups that it defines relative to the size of the arena in which political competition is taking place.”

Question 7

Fearon and Laitin, 2003

Answer 7

This reading argues that civil war cannot be predicted by ethnic or religious differences, but by how favorable conditions in a state are for insurgency.

Question 8

Acemoglu, 2003

Answer 8

This reading argues that while geographic conditions in an economically underdeveloped country may contribute to its lagging economy, bad institutions are actually the cause of the lack of economic development.

Question 9

Krugman, 1994

Answer 9

This reading argues that rapid Asian economic growth can be accounted for, like the growth seen in the Soviet Union in the 1950s, due to growth inputs such as labor and capital, instead of gains made in efficiency, thus Asian economic growth is not sustainable.

Question 10

Schmitter and Karl, 1991

Answer 10

This reading argues that democracy is a regime in which people placed in authority are held accountable by citizens, often indirectly through their elected representatives, but democracy is not necessarily more efficient economically and administratively, more orderly and governable, or economically free, often because of the ability of citizens to hold their leaders accountable.

Question 11

Ansell and Samuels, 2014

Answer 11

This reading argues that democracy emerges when economically up-and-coming groups act to limit the power of the elite, which is particularly likely during times of high economic inequality that has created fragmentation among the elite.

Question 12

Linz and Stepan, 1996

Answer 12

This reading argues that solely using democracy, totalitarianism, and authoritarianism to classify regimes is too limiting, and the addition of post-totalitarianism and sultanism as classifications would help further the study of how prior regime type affects democratic transition.

Question 13

Berman, 1997

Answer 13

This reading argues that civil society is neutral in the promotion or downfall of democracy, but, rather, the strength of political institutionalization determines the success of democratization.

Question 14

Levitsky and Way, 2002

Answer 14

This reading argues that competitive authoritarianism’s distinct mix of democratic institutions and authoritarian leadership means that democratic norms are often widely ignored, and it sets a significant historical basis in each state that is impactful for its economy, human rights, and chances of democracy.

Question 15

King, Pan, and Roberts, 2013

Answer 15

This reading argues that the Chinese government censors internet posts based not on how critical it is of the government, but how likely the post is to incite collective action.

Question 16

Which of the following is an argument against having the state regulate trade?

Answer 16

keep the cost of goods low

Question 17

Laissez-faire economics characterizes which of these political economic systems?

Answer 17

liberalism

Question 18

___ is a period when prices rise because there are too few goods and wages and savings lose their value as a result

Answer 18

inflation

Question 19

___ is a political economic system that may employ neocorporatism to govern relations between the state, labor, and businesses.

Answer 19

social democracy

Question 20

Which of the following countries is an example of a modern mercantilist state?

Answer 20

Brazil

Question 21

According to the section on Japan’s economic decline, what lesson should we learn from this case?

Answer 21

Any set of political-economic systems that work well under some conditions can still become out of sync as a result of broader changes over time.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a public good?

Answer 22

national defense

Question 23

Which of these traits is typical of a mercantilist political economic system?

Answer 23

state-owned or parastatal industries

Question 24

___, one measure of economic wealth, compares the different costs of living across countries

Answer 24

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Question 25

Edward Bernstein is a major contributor to theory about

Answer 25

social democracy

Question 26

The Gini index measures

Answer 26

economic inequality

Question 27

Which of these traits is typical of a liberal political economic system?

Answer 27

low taxes

Question 28

Despite recent economic crises, the two political economic systems that remain the most prevalent type around the globe are

Answer 28

liberalism and social democracy

Question 29

The United States is best classified under which political economic system?

Answer 29

liberalism

Question 30

___ seeks to replace the free market with a centralized, planned economy and an extensive welfare state

Answer 30

communism

Question 31

___ is a period when the prices and value of goods, services, investments, and wages drop, and unemployment and less spending may result

Answer 31

deflation

Question 32

__ exemplifies the interaction between the forces of supply and demand

Answer 32

markets

Question 33

____, created by the UN Development Program, seeks to measure the overall well-being of a country's people

Answer 33

Human Development Index

Question 34

A state's central bank

Answer 34

controls the state's flow of money and interest rates

Question 35

In the development of democracy, what did 13th century England Contribute?

Answer 35

the Magna Carta, the document that laid the foundation for the idea of individual liberty

Question 36

In democracies, political parties do a number of things. What is something they do not do?

Answer 36

guarantee the separation of powers

Question 37

Which society provided the earliest form of indirect democracy with republicanism, or representation through elected officials?

Answer 37

Ancient Rome

Question 38

Which electoral system tends to have the most political parties (and the ones with the most party discipline)?

Answer 38

proportional representation

Question 39

The governmental institution in which national politics is considered and debated is called the

Answer 39

legislature

Question 40

An electoral system in which seats in a legislature are allocated based on the percentage of votes each party receives in the election is called

Answer 40

proportional representation (PR)

Question 41

Of the following, which did the ancient Greeks contribute to the development of democracy?

Answer 41

a system that allowed the people to participate directly in government

Question 42

Some argue that ___ is more effective because the executive and the legislature are fused, increasing legislative efficiency and reducing possible deadlock.

Answer 42

a parliamentary system

Question 43

When each constituency elects only one member to the legislature, (whether they win a plurality or a majority of the votes), this system is called

Answer 43

a single-member district (SMD)

Question 44

Which of the following is generally true about prime ministers?

Answer 44

They are members (and leaders) of parliament.

Question 45

In a democracy, the executive has two roles: the ____ represents the nation at home and abroad, and the ____ deals with the everyday tasks of running the government.

Answer 45

head of state; head of government

Question 46

Which of these organizations would not be a part of civil society?

Answer 46

the military

Question 47

Though they vary greatly in how they act and how much power they have, three key institutions in democracy are the

Answer 47

executive, legislature, and judiciary

Question 48

Democracy can be defined as political power exercised either indirectly or directly through

Answer 48

participation, competition, and liberty

Question 49

A policy measure that is voted on by the people is called

Answer 49

a referendum

Question 50

Some who criticize modernization theory argue that one of the key predictors for whether a country will be a democracy or not is the

Answer 50

level of income inequality

Question 51

When a court considers the constitutionality of legislation when triggered by a court case, this is called

Answer 51

concrete review

Question 52

In 2012, Hungary adopted a new constitution in a move that received domestic and international criticism. Which of the following was a change made in this new constitution?

Answer 52

reducing the power of the constitutional court

Question 53

Some argue that modernization leads to democracy. Which of the following best represents this reasoning?

Answer 53

As societies become more economically and socially sophisticated, the population will desire more control over the state so they can protect their own interests.

Question 54

Which of the following is not true about presidents?

Answer 54

They are members (and leaders) of parliament.

Question 55

Patrimonialism is

Answer 55

nondemocratic rule in which leaders trade benefits with a small group of insiders for their political support.

Question 56

Illiberal or hybrid regimes are growing in prominence around the world. The key feature is that they

Answer 56

have democratic features with important qualifications

Question 57

Co-optation is the appropriate term when

Answer 57

the state establishes a beneficial relationship with the people

Question 58

Military rule usually emerges due to a

Answer 58

coup d'état

Question 59

Which type of regime, which is present in all cases of totalitarianism, is often associated with communism and fascism?

Answer 59

one-party rule

Question 60

Modernization theorists argue nondemocratic regimes emerge

Answer 60

when poverty is rampant and income inequality is high

Question 61

The political system in Iran, where religious faith is the foundation of politics, might be called

Answer 61

a theocracy

Question 62

Which of the following is not a feature of nondemocratic regimes?

Answer 62

constitutionally mandated accountability to the people

Question 63

Cultural arguments hold that democracy requires a society that emphasizes

Answer 63

individualism and secularism

Question 64

Nondemocratic regimes often compel individuals by threatening harm to their lives and livelihoods. This is known as

Answer 64

coercion

Question 65

Some nondemocracies maintain control by creating or sanctioning a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restricting those not approved by the state

Answer 65

corporatism

Question 66

Turkmenistan's former leader, Saparmurat Niyizov, called himself "Father of the Turkmen," named months of the year after himself and his mother, and constructed a large public statue of himself. We would consider his rule an example of

Answer 66

personality cult

Question 67

States with an abundance of oil and minerals often struggle with democratic development for a number of reasons. This is known as

Answer 67

the "resource trap" theory

Question 68

Kleptocracy, or "rule by theft," may be thought of as an extreme example of

Answer 68

clientelism

Question 69

Under bureaucratic authoritarianism, the military and the state bureaucracy believe that the problems of the country can be solved by:

Answer 69

rational, technical expertise rather than emotional ideology

Question 70

International actors can either help or hinder the democratic process. Which of the following countries has not been a key supporter of nondemocratic regimes?

Answer 70

Norway

Question 71

__ lacks a consistent ideological foundation; instead, it emphasizes hostility toward elites and established state institutions and the need for people to "take back" the state

Answer 71

populism

Question 72

Countries like Nazi Germany, Stalin's Soviet Union, or modern North Korea possess a highly centralized state and regime with a well-defined ideology that seeks to transform and fuse the institutions of state, society, and the economy. This form of nondemocratic rule is

Answer 72

totalitarianism

Question 73

Over the last 40 years, the number of

Answer 73

nondemocratic regimes has dramatically declined

Question 74

Another commonly used term for nondemocratic rule is

Answer 74

authoritarianism