Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Relatedness
A
The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of ways
2
Q
Family
A
At minimum, a women or man and her or his dependant children
3
Q
Marriage
A
An institution that prototypically:
- involves a man and a woman
- transforms the status of participants
- carries implications about sexual access
- give offspring a position in society
- establishes connections between the kin of a husband and kin of wife
4
Q
Kinship
A
Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance
5
Q
Affinial
A
Related through marriage
6
Q
Consanguineal
A
Relationships of decent, regardless of whether the child is related at birth, adoption, sperm/ovum donation, or surrogacy
7
Q
Bridewealth
A
The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to family of the bride
8
Q
Endogamy
A
Marriage within a defined social group
9
Q
Exogamy
A
Marriage outside a defined social group
10
Q
Monogamy
A
A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one person at a time
11
Q
Polygamy
A
A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one person at a time
12
Q
Dowry
A
The transfer of wealth from parents to their children (usually a daughter) at time of marriage
13
Q
Non conjugal family
A
A women (usually) and her (or his) children with it without a second parent
14
Q
Conjugal family
A
A family based on marriage; and a minimum, a spousal pair and their children
15
Q
Nuclear family
A
A family made up of 2 generations: parents and their unmarried children
16
Q
Extended family
A
A family pattern made up of 3 generations living together: parents, married children, and their offspring
17
Q
Joint family
A
A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives (or sisters and their husbands) along with their children and sometimes parents living together
18
Q
Blended family
A
A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing children from previous marriage
19
Q
Family of choice
A
A family created over time by new kin ties as friends and lovers demonstrate their commitment to one another
20
Q
Bilateral decent
A
A pattern of decent based on connections of relatedness from both mother and father
21
Q
Unilineal descent
A
Pattern of descent based on connections of relatedness from one parent
22
Q
Matrilineal descent
A
Descent from mothers side
23
Q
Patrilineal descent
A
Descent from fathers side
24
Q
Ego
A
The person from whose perspective the kinship associations are being mapped and/ or discussed
25
Lineage
A descent group composed of blood relatives who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors
26
Clan
A descent group formed by members who believe they have common ancestors, even if they can’t specify the genealogical links
27
Segmentary opposition
An approach to dispute resolution and social organizations in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level
28
Ascribed statuses
Social positions people are assigned at birth
29
Achieved statuses
Social position people may attain later in life, often as a result of their own effort
30
Age sets
Non kin social groups composed of young men born within a specified time span
31
Sodalities
Non-kin social groups that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and/or personal interest
32
Secret societies
Non-kin social groups that initiate young men or women into social adulthood and reveal “secret” knowledge to initiated members
33
Unfree labour
An all encompassing term for the formalized coercion of men, women, and children (through need or violence) to provide their labour
34
Economy
The culturally specific processes used by members of a society to provide themselves with material resources
35
Economic anthropology
The part of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living
36
Scarcity
A condition under which it is assumed that resources (money) will never be plentiful enough for people to obtain all the goods or services they desire
37
Institutions
Stable and enduring cultural practices that organize social life
38
Subsistence strategies
The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption, that members of a society use to meet their basic material survival needs
39
Fool collectors
People who gather wild plant materials, fish, and or hunt for food
40
Food producers
People who depend on domesticated plants and or animals for food
41
Production
The transformation of nature’s raw materials into a form suitable for human use
42
Distribution
The allocation of goods and services
43
Consumption
Using up material goods necessary for human survival
44
Neoclassical economic theory
A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution
45
Modes of exchange
Patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, retribution, and market exchange
46
Reciprocity
A mode of exchange in which individuals exchange goods and/or services (1) under the assumption that the exchanges will eventually balance out (2) with the expectation of immediate balance (3) in the hope that at least one party will get something for nothing
47
Redistribution
A mode of exchange in which a centralized social organization receives contributions from all members of the group and redistributes them in a way that provides for every member
48
Market exchange
A mode of exchange in which the exchange of goods (trade) is calculated in terms of a multi purpose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried on by a means of a supply demand price mechanism (the market)
49
Labour
The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them
50
Mode of production
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labour is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
51
Means of production
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature
52
Relations of production
The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production
53
Ideology
Those products of consciousness- such as mortality, religion, and metaphysics - that purport to explain to people who they are and to justify the kinds of lives they lead
54
Cultural ecology
The study of the ways in which human beings relate to one another and to their natural environment
55
Ecology
The study of the ways in which living species relate to one another and to their natural environment
56
Ecozone
The particular mixture of plant and animal species occupying any particular region of the earth
57
Ecotone
A transition area between two different ecozones that displays characteristics of both ecozones
58
Econiche
The sum total of relations between a species and the plants and animals on which it relies for survival ; these relations define those places where species is “at home”
59
Affluence
The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs.
60
Play
A framing or orienting context that (1) is consciously adopted by the players (2) is pleasurable and (3) alludes to the non play world by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristics of the non play world
61
Art
A representation that relates to an object, an experience, or some other component of the world and evokes a felt response
62
Myth
A representative story that embodies a cultures assumptions about the way that society or the world in general must operate
63
Ritual
A representative social practice set off from everyday routine and composed of a sequence of symbolic activities that adhere to a culturally defined ritual schema and are closely connected t a specific set of ideas significant to the culture
64
Metacommunication
Communicating about the process of communication
65
Framing
An understood boundary that marks cartain behaviours as “play” or as “ordinary life”
66
Sport
And aggressively competitive, often physically exertive activity governed by game like rules that are patterned and agreed upon by all participants
67
Transformation representation
The process in which experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium
68
Orthodoxy
Correct doctrine; the prohibition of deviation from certain generally accepted rules or beliefs
69
Rite of passage
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one position to another
70
Liminal period
The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions
71
Communitas
An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals frequently found in fires of passage
72
Orthopaxy
Correct practice; the prohibition of deviation from certain generally accepted forms of behaviour
73
Health
a persons general social, psychological, and physical conditions
74
Well being
A culturally defined state (or role) of general physical and mental comfort and good health; a lack of illness
75
Medical anthropology
An area of anthropological inquiry that focuses on issues of well being health illness, and disease as they are situated in their wider cultural context
76
Biomedicine
Traditionally western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological science
77
Disease
Forms of biological impairment identified and explained within the discourse of biomedicine
78
Suffering
The forms of physical, mental, or emotional, distress experienced by individuals who may or may not subscribe to biomedical understandings of disease
79
Sickness
Classifications oh physical, mental m, and emotional distress recognized by members of a particular cultural community
80
Culture-bound syndromes
Sickness, as well as the therapists to relieve them, that are unique to a particular cultural group
81
Illness
A suffering persons own understanding of his or her distress
82
Traditional knowledge
Knowledge that is culturally held and passed on from generation to generation
83
Ethnomedical systems
Alternative medical systems based on practices of local sociocultural groups
84
Shaman
A pet-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power through altered states of consciousness to travel to or contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups (can be medical)
85
Etiology
The study of the causes of disease and/or an illness
86
Folk illness
A culture-bound illness; a set of symptoms that are grouped together under a single label only within a particular culture
87
Biotic
Living; biological
88
Abiotic
Non-living; physical
89
Realized niche
The portion of the habitable world that a group of people is forced to utilize and to which it becomes highly adapted
90
Bioaccumulation
An accumulation of a toxic substance in a biological organism over time
91
Biomagnification
An increase in the concentration of a toxic substance from the bottom to the top of the food chain
92
Defensive research
Research that is designed and conducted by individuals outside the affected community without consulting members of the community about their interests or concerns
93
Positive research
Research that is designed with fair consideration of the interests and concerns of members of the affected community and conducted with consideration of cultural contexts within the community
94
Structural violence
Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population
95
Social trauma
Individuals and group experience of negative physical, mental, and emotional effects resulting from powerfully disturbing occurrences caused by forces and agents external to the persons or group
96
Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence, spread, management, and prevention of infectious disease
