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UD GEO 115 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of Basalt?

A

Composition (color):Mafic

Texture (crystal size): Fine

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2
Q

What are the properties of Andesite?

A

Composition (color):Intermediate

Texture (crystal size): Fine

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3
Q

What are the properties of Rhyolite?

A

Composition (color):Felsic

Texture (crystal size): Fine

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4
Q

What are the properties of Pumice?

A

Composition (color):Felsic

Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

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5
Q

What are the properties of Scoria?

A

Composition (color):Mafic

Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

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6
Q

What are the properties of Obsidian?

A

Composition (color): Mafic

The atoms or molecules in obsidian does not have a crystalline structure - glassy

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7
Q

What is chemical weathering? How does it work?

A

Chemical Weathering - decomposition; transform rock into something different

Oxidation - iron reacting to oxygen (Example: Basalt becomes Hematite)

Hydrolysis - water breaks down a mineral and a new mineral results

Carbonation/Dissolution - adding carbonic acid to dissolve rocks

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8
Q

What is mechanical/physical weathering? How does it work?

A

Physical Weathering - mechanical breakdown (disintegration); make smaller pieces

Frost Wedging - repeated expansion of ice

Sheeting - as erosion removes materials above a rock mass, reduced pressure allows outer layers to expand and “peel off”

Joints - fractures produced by regional movement; increases surface area and allows water to seep into layers for more weathering

Biological Activity (example: roots grow into and breakdown rocks)

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9
Q

Describe how weathering occurs with granite

A
  • Mechanical Weathering - smaller grains of quartz = sand
  • Oxidation occurs to hematite/hornblende?
  • Hydrolysis breaks down K-spar, which becomes clay
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10
Q

What are clastic sedimentary rocks/how do they form?

A

comprised of solid particles of weathered rocks/minerals that are cemented together

Classified/Named by size of weathered clasts.

Size
Angularity
Sorting

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11
Q

What are chemical sedimentary rocks/how do they form?

A

Comprised of materials from precipitation

Often Crystalline

Halite (salt) from evaporation
Calcite Crystals precipitate from seawater

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12
Q

What are organic sedimentary rocks/how do they form?

A

Carbon rich remains of plants

Coal - hydrocarbons from organic remains (plants)

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13
Q

What are the sizes of clastic rocks?

A

The size of weathered clasts has a relationship to process of sediment transportation and deposition. The larger the size, the closer to the source

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14
Q

Describe sorting of sedimentary rocks

A

Very poorly sorted, poorly sorted, moderately sorted, well sorted, very well sorted

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15
Q

Describe roundness of sedimentary rocks

A

more rounded as grains move away from source

angular, subangular, subrounded, rounded

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16
Q

describe the composition and formation of arkose

A

Coarse grained
Poorly Sorted
Angular
Minerals - Feldspar and Quartz

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17
Q

describe the composition and formation of sandstone

A

Sand
Well Sorted
Subrounded
Minerals - Quartz

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18
Q

describe the composition and formation of shale

A

Clay
Well Sorted
Well Rounded
Minerals - clay

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19
Q

describe the composition and formation of limestone

A

General bioclastic/biochemical
Made of calcite
Can be fine or course or in between

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20
Q

describe the composition and formation of halite (salt)

A

fine to course
crystalline
tastes salty

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21
Q

Explain the evidence Wegener presented to support his continental drift hypothesis

A

Lateral Movement - Locations of same fossils widespread on several continents

Matching Fossil Types - Animal/Plant fossils from same age on separate continents

Similar Rock Types and Ages on Different Continents’ coastlines

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22
Q

What was Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?

A

The continents once fit together, but later drifted apart

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23
Q

Why was Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis rejected?

A

No mechanisms for HOW continents would move

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24
Q

Describe how the discovery of ridges and trenches on the sea floor (and
where they are found) changed the viewpoint of how continents really move over time

A

Sonar was used to map features on the ocean floor

Mid-Ocean ridges - maps shows shallow areas in the ocean where ridges are located

Trench - often along edge of continent; volcanoes nearby

Sediments on seafloor thicken as you move away from the ridge

Sediments and rocks on the seafloor get older as you move away from the ridge

***Ocean floor is no more than 200 million years old except in a couple locations

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25
Describe how understanding the patterns of the age and paleo magnetic properties of the sea floor helped in the development of understanding of sea-floor spreading.
Periodically (200,000 years or so; but variable!), the polarity of the Earth’s magnetic field reverses Scientists also saw a lateral pattern of reversals in ridges as a symmetrical pattern on either side Magnets also point at different inclinations (relative to Earth’s surface) depending on latitude EQ activity matches up with ridge and trench locations, and volcanic activity matches up with trench locations Paleomagnetism patterns is supported by the sea floor being older away from ridge, sea floor being younger than continents and recycling over time, and the patterns of EQs/Volcanoes
26
What are the properties of the lithosphere?
Broken up into 7-8 major plates, 15 minor relatively rigid, cannot flow
27
What are the properties of the Oceanic crust?
Mafic, basalt Thinner layer, more dense
28
What are the properties of the continental crust?
Felsic, granite Thicker layer, less dense
29
What are the properties of the aesthenosphere?
Plastic later relatively soft, able to flow
30
How do the different layers of the work influence plate tectonic motion?
Ridge Push - force due to magma rising at ridges | Slab Pull - force due to more dense rocks “sinking” down
31
What drives the motion in Earth's interior?
Convection! Convection is a type of heat transfer that involves the actual movement of a substance
32
Compare and contrast the 3 types of convergent plate boundries
Ocean v Ocean - Active Volcanic Islands - Earthquakes go from shallow to deep - Older plate goes down Ocean v Continent - Active Volcano on Continent - Earthquakes go from shallow to deep - ocean subducts(goes down) Continent v Continent - Mountains pushed up - older plate goes down - non-volcanic
33
describe the relative motion along a transform fault boundary
plates slide past each other No volcanoes or mountain chains are shallow but often powerful EQs Crust is not melted/destroyed or created
34
What is a hot spot?
Upwelling of Magma not on a Plate Boundary As Plate moves, new volcanoes form
35
What are the properties of ridges?
new crust forms Rocks get older + sediments get thicker as you move away from the ridge Seafloor spreading happens here
36
What are the properties of trenches?
Older crust destroyed Often along edge of continent Volcanoes nearby
37
What are the properties of volcanic islands?
formed from divergence or oceanic-oceanic subduction (convergence)
38
What are the properties of volcanoes on continental edges?
formed from continental-oceanic subduction (convergence)
39
What are the properties of (non-volcanic) mountains?
formed from continental-continental collision (convergence)
40
What are the properties of faults?
Formed from transformation
41
How is liquid magma created from solid rock?
Liquid magma is created by the addition of volatiles like water (flux melting) at subduction zones. Water contained in cracks of oceanic crust reduces melting point of the crustal rocks. Decompression- drop in confining pressure lowers rock melting temperatures Dewatering Heat Transfer Melting - hotter magma from below rises and causes rocks above to melt
42
Explain how has content and viscosity affect whether a volcano is effusive or explosive Explain how it relates to felsic vs basaltic lava
Explosive - Felsic - High Viscosity Effusive - Mafic - Low Viscosity
43
What is viscosity?
The measure of how thick and stick a liquid is; resistance to flow
44
What does effusive mean?
liquid flowing lava
45
What does explosive mean?
lava + solid debris explodes
46
Describe the properties of Shield Volcanoes - describe their lava type and
Liquid lava emitted from a central vent; large; sometimes has a collapse caldera
47
Describe the properties of Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Explosive liquid lava; small emitted from a central vent; if continued long enough, may build up a shield volcano
48
Describe the properties of Stratovolcanos
More viscous lava, much explosive (pyroclastic) debris; large, emitted from a central vent Builds up over time due to layers of ash and lava flows
49
Describe the shape, PT setting, and eruptive style of the following volcano: Kilauea, Hawaii
Shape - Shield Volcano PT - Hot Spot Eruptive Style - Icelandic/Hawaiian
50
Describe the shape, PT setting, and eruptive style of the following volcano: Cerro Negro, Nicaragua
Shape - Cinder Cone PT - Convergent, subduction zone (Ocean Continent) Eruptive Style - Strombolian/Vulvanian
51
Describe the shape, PT setting, and eruptive style of the following volcano: Mount Merapi, Indonesia
Shape - Stratovolcano PT - Convergent (Ocean Ocean) Eruptive Style - Plinian
52
If you see this flash card this is me reminding you that you're doing a good job !!!!!
:-)
53
Describe the elastic rebound model of earthquake formation
under stress rocks undergo elastic deformation, then brittle deformation (break)
54
Describe S and P waves that are generated from earthquakes and their properties
Seismographs record the shaking at the surface of the earth - note different arrival times of S and P waves Waves travel at different speeds and so arrive at different times from earthquake’s start P waves arrive before S waves, and surface waves are last on seismograph (P fastest, S middle, surface slowest)
55
Compare/Contrast Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, Richter Scale, and Moment Magnitude scale
``` Modified Mercalli -measures level of damage -computed by people sending in data Richter Scale -measures wave height + distance from earthquake -computed by seismographs Moment Magnitude Scale -measures total energy released -computed by (Moment) = (Rock rigidity) x (Fault Area) x (Slip Distance) ```
56
Compare/Contrast the plate tectonic setting, magnitude , and hazards of the 2011 Japan and 2010 Haiti earthquake
``` Japan -plate tectonic - Ocean v Continent -magnitude - 9.0 -hazards - Tsunami, Nuclear Power Plant meltdown Haiti -plate tectonic - ocean v continent -magnitude 7.0 -hazards - difficult to rebuild, poor country ```
57
Can scientists make a prediction for an exact date/time of an earthquake?
No short term prediction, foreshocks don't always happen
58
What pieces of evidence estimates the probability of future earthquakes, including potential hazards?
Hazard Maps | Fault lines
59
How can P and S waves be used to give warning of an earthquake that has already occurred?
P waves - emerging technology that gives 1 minute warning
60
Define the strain and stress of the relationship between folds and faults
Stress = Force over Area | Strain =
61
What factors lead to brittle deformation?
- shallow depth | - cooler
62
What factors lead to ductile deformation?
warmer greater depth softer rocks
63
What features come from Compression stress?
reverse faulting and folding
64
What features come from tension stress?
normal faulting and stretching
65
What features come from shear stress?
strike-slip faulting and shearing
66
Explain the following method of relative dating: original horizontality
original sediment deposition is typically horizontal
67
Explain the following method of relative dating: superposition
If not overturned, younger sedimentary layers on top of older layers
68
Explain the following method of relative dating: cross cutting
Fault is younger than the rocks it cut through
69
Explain the following method of relative dating: inclusions
Inclusions - older than the rock they are included in | Intrusion - younger than the rock they intruded (ex: magma cooling to form igneous body)
70
Explain the following method of absolute dating: half lives
Compare amount of Carbon 14 (amount decreased by half over periods of time) and Carbon 12 (amount stays the same)
71
Explain the following method of absolute dating: radioactive isotopes
Parent isotope turns into child isotope in a half like Ex. Uranium -> lead
72
What types of materials can and cannot be dated with radiometric dating?
Can -Igneous rocks -Bone/Plant remains Cannot -The “date” of sedimentary rock formation -The “date” of events like folds and faults
73
What are bioclastic/biochemical sedimentary rocks/how do they form?
Shells! Made from Calcite Limestone = general term, angular, has shells
74
Describe Divergent Plate boundaries
Continental Rift: Divergence (Rift) of Thick Continental Plate – Uncommon (hard to break thick plate) Creates new crust Shallow, weak Earthquakes Volcanic (but often under sea level) Site of seafloor spreading
75
Define Stress
Force over Area
76
Define Strain
deformation from stress
77
Which chemical reactions breaks down feldspars, such as orthoclase, into clay minerals like kaolinite?
Hydrolosis water chemically reacts with minerals to break them down into other different minerals.
78
Describe Exfoliation jointing
Exfoliation joints form in homogenous bodies of rock (in this case, granite) when they expand in response to the removal of overlying material.
79
The reversals of the Earth's magnetic field were first discovered by...
studying the paleomagnetism of volcanic rocks Rocks from certain time spans were found to always possess normal polarity (identical to that of Earth's modern geomagnetic field), whereas rocks from other times always possessed reverse polarity (opposite to today's geomagnetic field).
80
What is a passive Margin?
passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere
81
What is a lahar?
A fast, liquid flow
82
What is a pyroclastic flow?
A mixture of debris and air

UD GEO 115 (3 decks)

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