Test 2 Flashcards

Question

Addiction

Answer 1

Caused by increased intake of psychoactive drugs or by compulsive and dysfunctional behaviours

Answer 2

Discomforted distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behaviour

Answer 3

Reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Answer 4

Excite neural activity and speed up body functions, raise energy and self confidence

Answer 5

Psychedelic drugs that distort perception and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Marijuana.

Answer 6

Acquiring new and enduring information or behaviours through experience

Answer 7

Learning that certain events occur together.

Answer 8

Acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or though language

Answer 9

One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events; produces respondent behaviour

Answer 10

One learns to associate an action and its consequences; | Produces operant behaviour

Answer 11

Evokes no response before conditioning

Answer 12

Naturally occurring event, triggers a response.

Answer 13

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to US

Answer 14

After pairing with the US, produces the same response (CR)

Answer 15

Something that occurs after CS is presented.

Answer 16

Event experienced the first time.

Answer 17

Losing the CR after not encountering the UR after CS

Answer 18

CR comes back after extinction; after a pause.

Answer 19

Responds to similar stimuli in same way.

Answer 20

Being able to differentiate between similar stimuli.

Answer 21

Showed how learning can be studied objectively Other species can be conditioned Pavlov’s principles influence human health

Answer 22

Rewarded behaviour is likely to be repeated. Revealed principles of behaviour control. Cat in puzzle box.

Answer 23

Skinner Box. Contains button to obtain food & record behaviour of the animal inside.

Answer 24

A procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer towards a desired behaviour using successive approximations. Helps us understand what non verbal organisms perceive.

Answer 25

1) Unlearned; often satisfy a biological need | 2) Gains reinforcing power through their link with primary reinforcers.

Answer 26

Immediate VS Delayed rewards

Answer 27

Punished behaviour is only suppressed, teaches the child to discriminate among situations. May increase aggression, shows violence as a way to cope with problems.

Answer 28

A decrease in behaviour following an event.

Answer 29

Behaviour decreases as a result of a stimulus.

Answer 30

Behaviour decreases following the removal of a stimulus.

Answer 31

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Answer 32

Learning occurs rapidly. | Behaviour reinforced after every time; by effect can cause rapid extinction when reinforcer is absent.

Answer 33

Slower acquisition, but much greater resistance to existence

Answer 34

Urged people to use operant principles to influence others | Criticized for neglecting people’s personal freedom.

Answer 35

Learning by observing others.

Answer 36

Observing and imitating a specific behaviour. | Helps one anticipate a behaviours consequences in observed situations.

Answer 37

OL may have adverse effects. | Media such as video games can be sources of OL, aggressiveness

Answer 38

Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information.

Answer 39

Compares human memory to a computer’s operation. | Assumes we must encode, store, retrieve information.

Answer 40

1) Encoding: Getting information into the memory system. 2) Storage: Retaining encoded information over time. 3) Retrieval: Getting information out of memory storage

Answer 41

1) Recording information as a quick SENSORY MEMORY 2) Processing information into SHORT-TERM MEMORY (OR WORKING) where it is encoded through rehearsal. 3) Moving information into LONG-TERM MEMORY for later retrieval.

Answer 42

Newer understanding of short-term memory. | Includes the conscious and active processing of information and information retrieved from long-term memory.

Answer 43

``` Implicit (non declarative) memory + Explicit (declarative) memory Where encoding is done. Automatic processing = implicit memories Effortful processing = explicit memories ```

Answer 44

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness. Formed via automatic processing.

Answer 45

Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved, formed via effortful processing.

Answer 46

First stage in forming explicit memories. | Records immediate and very brief information, fleeting in nature.

Answer 47

Image like memory of a scene.

Answer 48

Sensory memory of sounds.

Answer 49

Group of letters for 1/20th of a second, people could recall half of them. They could recall an entire a row immediately, but after 0.5 second, only half. Then with a tone, they could remember for more than 0.5 seconds.

Answer 50

Miller: People can store 7 bits of info. 7 digits, 6 letters, five words.

Answer 51

Unless rehearsed, verbal information may be quickly forgotten.

Answer 52

Organizing items into familiar units, occurs naturally.

Answer 53

Memory aids; techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Answer 54

Tendency for distributed study to yield better long term retention than through masses study.

Answer 55

Produces speedy short term learning and feelings of confidence; cramming.

Answer 56

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than just rereading.

Answer 57

Learning meaningful information requires 1/10th the effort than learning nonsense.

Answer 58

Long term memory capacity has no real limit. Information isn't stored in just one spot. Emotions, language, views require brain networks.

Answer 59

Our explicit memory system. Semantic + Episodic Hippocampus processes and feeds it to other areas of the brain. The hippocampus acts as a loading dock where the brain registers and stores aspects of an event.

Answer 60

Explicit memory of facts or general knowledge,

Answer 61

Explicit memory of personally experienced events.

Answer 62

Memories migrate for storage via the memory consolidation process. R/L store different information.

Answer 63

A type of nutcracker bird can locate up to 600 caches of pine seed it previously buried.

Answer 64

Great role in forming and storing memories by classical conditioning.

Answer 65

Deep brain structure involved in motor movement. Helps form memories for physical skills; implicit memories.

Answer 66

Excitement or stress triggers hormone production. | Provokes the amygdala to boost activity in the memory forming area; flashbulb memories.

Answer 67

Clear memories of emotionally significant events, occur via emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

Answer 68

Hippocampus + frontal lobes: Explicit memory formation. | Cerebellum + basal ganglia: Implicit memory formation.

Answer 69

Kandel and Schwartz Cell synapses increase and become more efficient with experience and learning. More serotonin is released during learning. LTP...

Answer 70

Increase in a synapse's firing potential. | Basis for learning and memory.

Answer 71

Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier; fill in the blank test.

Answer 72

Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned; multiple choice test

Answer 73

Memory demonstrated by quicker learning when learning material the second time. Demonstrated by Ebbinghaus and his nonsense syllables. As days went on, he needed less and less time to remember.

Answer 74

Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. One memory clicks another.

Answer 75

Links between an anchor and the memory. Associations formed at the time of encoding. Memories are context dependant: Charles = Law.

Answer 76

What is learned in one state can be easily recalled if the individual is in the same state.

Answer 77

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with an individual's current mood.

Answer 78

Recall the first and last things in a list.

Answer 79

Forgetting. Caused by age related memory decline, conscious attention to limited portions of vast sights.

Answer 80

The course of forgetting is initially rapid and then evens off with time; explained by the fading of physical traces of memory

Answer 81

Stored information that cannot be assessed; stems from interference and motivated forgetting.

Answer 82

Older information disrupting the recall of newer information. Old attacks the new.

Answer 83

Newer information disrupting the recall of older information. New attacks the old.

Answer 84

According to Freud, people repress bad memories to protect themselves. Repressed memory lingers and can be retrieved.

Answer 85

Succeed in forgetting unwanted neutral information. Great struggle to struggle to forget emotional events. People just rather not talk about it, doesn't actually leave the brain.

Answer 86

The process in which perviously stored memories are potentially altered before being stored again.

Answer 87

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information.

Answer 88

Occurs when repeatedly imagining fake events creates false memories. Ex: car crash, when suggestive language was used people thought it was worse.

Answer 89

Faulty memory for how, when, or where info was imagined. | Real source amnesia actually never happened.

Test 2 Flashcards

(113 cards)