Test 2 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
In DNA what matches up with A and C
A
A>T
C>G
2
Q
In RNA what matches up with A and C
A
A>U
C>G
3
Q
Codon
A
Group of 3 nucleotides
4
Q
Codes for AUG, MET
A
Codes for methionine (start code)
5
Q
Anti codon
A
Opposite of codon
6
Q
Meiosis
A
Production of sperm cells
7
Q
Somatic cell
A
All cells in body accept sperm cells
8
Q
Gamete
A
Sperm cells ( sex cells)
9
Q
Diploid
A
2 sets of chromosomes
10
Q
Haploid
A
Having 1 set of chromosomes
11
Q
Interphase
A
Where cell spends most of its time
12
Q
Mitosis
A
Growth and repair
13
Q
Sister chromatids
A
A set of chromosomes before division
14
Q
Homologous chromosomes
A
A set of chromosomes during division
15
Q
Prophase
A
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
* Spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
16
Q
Prometaphase
A
Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
17
Q
Metaphase
A
Lined up in the middle
18
Q
Anaphase
A
Centromeres split in two
19
Q
Telophase
A
- Starts to separate
* nuclear envelope starts to surround the new sets of chromosomes
20
Q
Cytokinesis
A
Formation of two new cells
21
Q
Stem cells form what ?
A
Cord blood
22
Q
Totipotent
A
First embryonic cells formed
23
Q
Pluripotent
A
Second cells to form
Precursors
24
Q
Unipotent
A
Cells that can only divide and make more of that same type of cell
25
Epidermis
* Outer most layer of skin
| * dead skin cells
26
Stratum basale layer of skin
Deepest
•includes merkel cells (sensory)
•includes melanocytes (pigment)
27
Stratum spinosum
```
Keratin synthesis begins
Langerhans cells ( engulfs bacteria and foreign particles)
```
28
Stratum granulosum
Cells become flattened and thicker
29
Keratohyalin
Equals glue
30
Stratum lucidum
```
Very thin layer in thick skin
Includes eleiden ( water proof barrier)
```
31
Stratum corneum
Outer most layer of skin,
| Cells are dead and packed in and provides protection
32
How often are skin cells replaced?
Every four weeks
33
Dermis
Middle layer of skin
34
Sebaceous gland
(Oil) keeps hair hydrated
35
Dermis
Middle layer of skin
36
Papillary layer
Most superficial layer of the epidermis
37
Adipocytes
Insulates
38
Elastin fiber
Allows movement
39
Collagen fiber
Provides strength
40
Hypodermis
The layer that connects bones and muscle to skin
41
Papillary layer
Most superficial layer of the epidermis
42
Phagocytes
Defense cells that’s helps fight off bacteria and infection
43
Albinism
Inability to produce melanin
44
Vitiligo
When melanocytes lose their ability to produce melanin
45
Hair
Includes hair shaft, medulla, cortex, cuticle
46
Nails
Nail root and hyponychium
47
Eccrine sweat glands
Doesn’t smell
| Produces sweat all the time
48
Apocrine sweat gland
Smells strong and doesn’t produce all the time
49
Integumentary functions
Protection
Sensory function
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis
50
Acne
When hair follicles get blocked by sebum
51
Burns (degree)
First-superficial to epidermis
Second-epidermis and part of dermis
Third-extends thru epidermis and dermis
Fourth-affects bone and muscle
52
Skeletal system functions
```
Support
Movement
Protection
Mineral and energy storage
Hematopolesis (production of blood cells)
```
53
Types of bones
```
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
```
54
(Bone type)
| Long
Two distinct ends with a shaft
| Ex. Femur and phalanges
55
(Bone type)
| Short
Cube like
| Ex. Carpals and tarsals
56
(Bone type)
| Flat
Two parallel sides
| Ex. Sternum and skull
57
(Bone type)
| Irregular
Irregular shape
| Ex. Vertebra and sphenoid
58
(Bone type)
| Sesamoid
Sesame seed like
| Ex. Patella
59
Diaphysis
Shaft in the middle of the bone
60
Epiphysis
Distinct ends of the bone
61
Endosteum
Inner layer of bone
62
Periosteum
Outer layer of bone
63
Compact bone
Heavy
64
Spongy bone
Light
65
Osteoblast
Building up bone
66
Osteogenic cell
Undifferentiated stem cells that can turn into other cells
67
Osteoclast
Breaking down bone
68
Osteocyte
Mature bone cells
69
Lacunae is connected by...
Connected by canaliculi
70
Osteon
Basic unit of compact bone
71
Trabeculae
Lattice like network of spongy bone
72
Ossification
An area where bone develops
73
Intramembranous ossification
Comes out of membrane
74
Endochondral ossification
Comes out of cartalege
75
Development steps for bone from undifferentiated cells
1- mesenchymal cells of embryo gather in specific areas
2- cells begin to differentiate into various cells
3- osteoblasts secrete osteoid
76
Perichondrium forms
Layer of cartilage
77
Calcium
Can only be obtained from diet
| Requires vitamin D to disperse
78
What three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
79
Excitability
Plasma membranes can change their electrical state
80
Elasticity
Muscle fibers recoil back due to elastic fibers
81
Contractility
Allows muscle tissue to pull on attachment points
82
Extensibility
Can stretch or extend
83
Epimysium muscle
Outermost, wraps around entire muscle
84
Perimysium muscle
Muscle fibers arrange into individual bundles
85
Endomysium muscle
Covers each muscle fiber
86
Tendons and aponeurosis are....
The combination of all connective tissues
87
Sarcomere ( muscle fiber)
Functional unit of muscle
88
Sarcolemma (muscle fibers)
Plasma membrane
89
Sarcoplasm ( muscle fibers)
Cytoplasm
90
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscle fiber)
Specialized smooth ER that surrounds each myofibril
91
Action
Thin filament
92
Myosin
Thick filament
93
How does a muscle contract
It begins with an action potential at the neuromuscular junction
94
For a muscle to contract it must?
First be excited by getting the electrical signal from the nerve to the muscle
95
Tropomyosin
Prevents action-myosin interaction
96
Troponin
Binds tropomyosin to G-actin
97
Muscle contraction (skeletal muscle)
```
Contraction cycle begins
Active-site exposure
Cross-bridge formation
Myosin head pivoting
Cross-bridge detachment
Myosin reactivation
```
98
Skeletal muscle relaxation
Ca2 + concentrations fall
Ca2+ detaches from troponin
Active sites re-covered by tropomyosin
99
Rigor mortis
A fixed muscular contraction after death
100
Muscle twitch
A single contraction
101
Muscle contraction
Many repeated stimuli
102
What supplies the energy for muscle contraction
ATP
103
ATP creatine phosphate
Stores energy in phosphate bonds,
Acts as an energy reverse for quick ATP production,
Only provides about 15 seconds worth of energy
104
ATP glycolysis
After creatine phosphate is depleted, glycolysis takes over
105
ATP aerobic respiration
Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen in mitochondria
106
Muscle fatigue
When muscles can no longer contract in response to signals
107
Cardiac muscle
Highly coordinated to produce simultaneous contractions
108
Smooth muscle
Found in walls of many organs
