test 2 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What is increased with emphysema?
A
duration of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volumes.
2
Q
What is another word for breathing hunger?
A
dyspnea
3
Q
Over-inflation of the lungs is called what?
A
Barrel chest.
4
Q
heavy breathing is done by what?
A
rib cage based.
5
Q
Restful breathing is done by what?
A
diaphragmatic based.
6
Q
Why do we need to change the shape of the chest to breath?
A
It changes the pressure on the lungs.
7
Q
What type of pressure is on the pleural cavity?
A
Negative pressure.
8
Q
What causes negative pressure in the pleural cavity?
A
Low blood pressure in pulmonary circulation and tension created by elastic recoil.
9
Q
What will surfactin do?
A
Helps prevent the collapsing tendency of alveoli due to the presence of water on walls. It lessens the H2O effect.
10
Q
What is an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity as a result of disease or injury called?
A
Pneumothorax.
11
Q
What is atelectasis?
A
a collapse of an area or a lobe that leaves a shrunked or airless state.
12
Q
What is the primary cause of atelectasis?
A
luminal obstruction.
13
Q
What is a serious condition where-in the respiratory membranes fail?
A
Respiratory distress syndrome.
14
Q
What is the most common type of respiratory distress syndrome? What causes it?
A
Infant form. Due to the lack of surfactin.
15
Q
Respiration all comes down to what?
A
changes in transmural pressure.
16
Q
What is transmural pressure?
A
Pressure difference between intrapleural and intrapulmonic.
17
Q
Changing volume due to changing pressure is called what?
A
Compliance.
18
Q
What are the 3 types of work needed to be done with inhalation?
A
- compliance work. 2. tissue resistance work. 3. Airway work.
19
Q
Work = what?
A
work= force x distance.
20
Q
What is force and what is distance?
A
force= pressure, distance = volume.
21
Q
With complance work all engery is converted to what?
A
Air movement.
22
Q
What is tissue resistance work?
A
The work needed (or lost) to move tissues around.
23
Q
What is airway work?
A
It is the work needed (or lost) to overcome drag on all respiratory tree linings.
24
Q
Just like r^4 was important for blood flow what is R in the respiratory system?
A
R= air way drag.
25
What is the prime determinate of airway work?
R^4.
26
When will tissue work become a factor in breathing?
very low with diaphragmatic, but high with ribcaged- breathing.
27
Where will the work go when we inhale?
It goes into the elasticity of the lungs.
28
What work is used for exhalation?
We use the stored work from inhalation.
29
What work is needed to exhale?
Some tissue and airway work.
30
What is free work of expiration?
All besides deducting some for tissue and airway work.
31
What is the total body work used to breath at rest?
about 3%.
32
What is the total body work used to breath when exercising?
wont exceed 5%.
33
What would airway restrictions and tissue scaring do to the work of breathing?
Greatly increase work of breathing.
34
What is spirometry?
Studying ventilation by measuring lung volume chages over time.
35
What is the regular amount of air ventilated per breath at rest and what is it called?
about 500 ml and it is called tidal volume.
36
What is the amount and name of the air that can be inhaled after tidal volume?
about 3000 ml and it is called inspiratory reserve volume.
37
What is the amount and name of the air that can be exhaled after tidal volume?
about 1000ml and it is called expiratory reserve volume.
38
What is expiratory reserve + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve called and what is the level?
about 4500 ml and it is called vital capacity.
39
What is the amount of air in the lungs after complete exhalation?
about 1000ml and it is called residual volume.
40
What is the vital capacity + residual volume?
about 55000ml and it is called total lung capacity.
41
What is routinely measured as a clinical assessment of the lungs?
Vital capacity.
42
What are 2 things that can greatly influence vital capacity?
1. Anatomical factors ( body size and type). 2. Physiological factors (muscle strength).
43
What are abnormal anatomical factors that influence the vital capacity?
kyphosis and respiratory paralysis.
44
What are abnormal physiological factors that influence the vital capactiy?
Pulmonary congestion or reduced compliance.
45
Besides measuring volume and capacity of the lungs what can be measured?
Time.
46
What is forced vital capacity?
Time it takes to get the vital capacity out.
47
What is forced expiratory volume?
The amount of vital capacity exhaled in 1 second.
48
What is the forced expiratory volume for a healthy young person in 1 second?
about 70-90 %.
49
What is the forced expiratory volume for a healthy young person in 3 seconds?
about 80-100%.
50
What is the average flow during middle part of forced vital capacity called?
forced expiratory flow.
51
What is the average forced expiratory flow?
about 25-75%
52
What type of disorder is asthma?
An obstructive disorder.
53
What is the minute respiratory volume?
total new air moved into the respiratory system per minute.
54
How can we calculate the minute respiratory volume?
tidal volume + respiratory rate.
55
What is the average minute respiratory volume?
6000ml/ min.
56
If we breath more frequently our respiratory rate goes up and what else happens?
tidal volume goes down to keep minute respiratory volume at 6000ml/min.
57
Why will the body stay around 500ml breathed in 12 times per minute?
It will minimize work.
58
Minute respiration does not equal what?
The amount of air arriving at alveoli.
59
What is the amount of air arriving at alveoli per minute called?
Minute alveolar volume.
60
What is anatomical dead space?
The large airways where air is that will not get to participate in gas exchange.
61
How much of the lungs are just anatomical dead space?
150ml.
62
How can we determine minute alveolar volume?
Take the tidal volume of 500ml - dead space of 150ml and then multiply by 12 breaths per minute and get 4200ml/minute.
63
Emphysema is crudely know as what?
COPD or chronic obstrictive pulmonary disease.
64
What usually causes emphysema?
Smoking.
65
Why will smoking cause emphysema?
Smoke causes neutrophils to destroy particulate and normal lung tissue, and smaller airways collapse.
66
Why is exhalation hard in emphysema?
Loss of elastin. Resulting in big barrel chests.
67
What are the symptoms of mountain sickness?
decreased mental function, muscle function, and dyspnea with decreased O2
68
What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 that we breath in?
Po2= 160 mmHg, Pco2= o mmHg
69
Gas gets humidified as it is breathed in and which gases are soluable and which are not?
O2 not very soluabel, but Co2 is very slouble.
70
Co2 is ________ times more soluable than O2.
Twenty.
71
Diffusion is a function of what 3 things?
1. Conc. Gradients. 2. Solubility. 3. Nature of any barriers.
72
What are 2 anatomical factors of the lungs when it comes to gas exchange and how important are they?
1. Area. 2. distance. Both are not a factor is healthy people because the lungs have lots of area and the distance for diffusion is very small.
73
What is the most important part of gas exchange?
Gas partial pressures. It is the only factor left because area/distance is anatomy, and solublity/mW is chemistry.
74
What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the lungs?
O2= 105 mmHg, Co2= 40 mmHg
75
Since old air is mixed with new air when we breath how many breaths are needed to fully exchange gases?
Ten or more.
76
The lungs absorbe(disappearance) and produce(liberation) what?
Absorbe O2 and produce co2
77
What is the most important part of making sure the lungs absorbe O2 and produce Co2?
Ventilation which exchanges gases.
78
How much O2 is consumed at rest per minute?
250 ml/min.
79
How much Co2 is produced by the lungs per minute at rest?
200 ml/min.
80
Once again what is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the lungs?
O2= 105 mmHg, Co2= 40 mmHg
81
What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the air we breath?
Po2= 160 mmHg, Pco2= o mmHg
82
What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the arteries?
Po2= 95 mmHg, Pco2= 40
83
What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the capillaries?
Po2= 40 mmHg, Pco2= 45
84
What is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2 in the Veins?
Po2= 40 mmHg, PCo2= 45
85
What will be a very important factor in maintaining all of these partial pressures?
Ventilation- perfusion ratio. We need to keep bringing in fresh air and we need blood to flow.
86
What is the forumla for venitaltion- perfusion ratio?
V/Q
87
What happens when V/Q is zero?
There is no V or ventilation and this occurs with a physiological shunt of the air ways.
88
What happens to Partial air pressures with a physiological shunt of airways?
The Po2 drops and PCo2 increases.
89
Why is a blockage of the airways called a physiological shunt?
It is like the blood did not even flow to the lungs in that area because no gas exchange took place.
90
What happens when V/Q is infinity?
there is no flow of blood and a physiological dead space is formed.
91
What happens to partial air pressures with no blood flow?
Increased o2 to about 160 mmHg, and decreased Co2 to about zero.
92
What is a physicological dead space?
Like anatomical no gas exchange takes place, but not due to anatomoy but because no blood is flowing here.
93
Volume of air brought to the alevoli is 4.2 l/minute and blood flow is about 5 l/min in average bodies and so what is the normal V/Q?
about 0.8
94
will all of the lungs V/q equal 0.8?
No the top 1/3 is higher and middle 1/3 is 0.8, but bottom 1/3 is low.
95
What will decreased O2 do to an area and why?
Vasoconstrict blood flow to preserve the overall V/Q.
96
Oxygenatin of blood and taking out Co2 at rests happens how fast?
The first 1/3 of capillary travel.
97
Why will arterial Po2 drop so fast from _____ to ____?
from 105 to 95, because top, middle , and bottom 1/3's of the lungs all mix their blood here.
98
What is the po2 of ECM, cytoplasm, and mitochondria?
ECM- 40 mmHg, Cytoplasm- 25 mmHg, Mitochondria- 5 mmHg.
99
What is the arterio- venous oxygen difference?
The amout of O2 removed by tissues.
100
What is systemic venous blood pressure of PCO2?
45 mmHg.
101
What are the 2 ways O2 travels in the blood? What % are they found at?
1. 3% as dissolved gas. 2. 97% bound to hemoglobin.
102
How much O2 is used every minute in the entire body?
about 250 ml O2.
103
How much O2 is used per 100/ml of blood?
about 5 ml O2.
104
Arterial Po2 is how saturated?
95-100%.
105
Venous Po2 is how saturated?
70%.
106
Why will only about 30% of O2 be used?
So we have a reserve for increased activity. It can be very responsive.
107
Why wont increasing Po2 breathed in increase saturation of O2 in blood?
Because It is fully saturated at Po2-105 mHg.
108
What can increase the amount of O2 that will be used or removed from Hemoglobin?
The Bohr effect.
109
What causes the bohr effect?
Increased H+, Increased temperature, or Increased 2-3-DPG.
110
What will the Bohr effect do to the hemoglobin curve?
shift it to the right.
111
What are the 3 ways Co2 is transported in the blood and what are the %?
1. 7% as dissolved gas. 2. 23% bound to hemoglobin. 3. 70% transported as bicarbonate ion.
112
Co2 + H2O ?
H2Co3.
113
Co2 + H2O H2Co3 ?
h+ and Hco3 -
114
What is carbonic anhydrase?
H2Co3.
115
Where in blood is Carbonic annhyrase made?
RBC.
116
What is bicarbonate?
Hco3-.
117
Bicarbonate is carried in the blood how?
RBC send them out to the plasma to be carried.
118
How will RBC maintain their chemical charge as they release a Bicarbonate (Hco3-)?
The chloride shift. They take a chloride in.
119
What happens to a RBC when it passes through the tissue capillaries?
Increased Co2 and H+, increases Bicarbonate Hco3-, plamsa levels of CL- are decreased and picked up in RBC, and O2 is delivered at greater rates because of the bohr effect when RBC release some H+ from H2Co3-----> H+ and Hco3-.
120
Wht happens to a RBC when it passes through the lung capillaries?
decreased Co2, Increased Ph, decreased HCO3-, plasma will take Cl- from RBC, Increased O2.
121
What is the haldane effect?
Like a reverse Bohr effect, O2 coming into RBC brings H+ ions in the RBC, and this drives the release of carbonic acid to co2.
122
What happens with ondine curse?
No involuntary or automatic control of breathing.
123
What part of the brain is mostly involved in respiratory drive?
The medulla.
124
What subcenters are there in the medullary center for breathing?
Inspiration neurons and expiration neurons.
125
What things can change breathing?
Almost anything.
126
How many inputs are there to the respiratory control center?
Many inputs.
127
The respiratory control center has many inputs and it sends its outputs to where?
Spinal cord motor neurons. LMN's.
128
Spinal cord motor neurons send outputs to where for breathing?
Muscles of the thorax (diaphragm and chest musculature).
129
The respiratory control center consists of what, and where is it?
Neuron pools in the upper meddula and some in the pons.
130
Name the 4 parts of the respiratory control center?
1. Dorsal respiratory group. 2. Ventral respiratory group. 3. Pneumotaxic center. 4. chemosensitive area.
131
The dorsal respiratory group has what type of neurons?
Inspiratory neurons.
132
The ventral respiratory group has what type of neurons?
Inspiratory and expiratory neurons.
133
The pneumotaxic center is wired into what?
The inspiratory neurons of the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups.
134
The Dorsal respiratory group receives info from where?
From chemoreceptros, barorecpetors and lung stretch receptors.
135
The chemosensitive area neurons are responsive to what?
Chemistry in the CSF.
136
The chemosesnsitive area is wired into where?
The inspiratory neurons of dorsal respiratory group.
137
What is the main respiratory drive at rest?
The dorsal respiratory group.
138
What type of rhythm will the dorsal respiratory group have?
A ramped signal. Rises for a few seconds and then abruptly collapses.
139
What limits the depth of a breath by inhibiting the inspiratory neurons?
The pontine pneumotaxic center.
140
What will increased and decreased pneumotaxic action do?
Increased- short inspiration, decreased- lengthen inspiration.
141
As the ramp magnitude is increased what becomes involved?
The ventral respiratory group which has both inspiratory and expiratory neurons.
142
What are 3 major ways to modify the ventilation cycle?
1. Voluntary override by the brain's higher centers. 2. Physical input stretch from lung receptors. 3. Blood chemistry evaluation.
143
What tracts will the higher center of the brain use to bypass the involuntary breathing process?
Corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts.
144
Stretch receptors in the lungs when stretched send signals up the vagus nerve to decrease ventilation and this is know as what?
Hering- breuer reflex.
145
What is the main control of ventilation from peripheral receptors?
The blood chemistry evaluation.
146
What Blood chemistry evaluation receptor is sensitive to H+ levels?
The central chemoreceptor.
147
When the central chemoreceptor that is super sensitive to H+ levels is stimulated by increased H+ levels it will do what?
Increase ventilation rate by stimulating the dorsal respiratory group.
148
What type of blood chemistry evaluation receptor is sensitive to O2?
The peripheral chemoreceptor.
149
Which receptor is more sensitive the central or peripheral chemorecpetor?
The Central.
150
When will the peripheral chemoreceptors begin to fire?
When arterial Po2 is falling below 100 mmHg.
151
When peripheral chemoreceptors fire what happens?
Increased respiration by stimulating the dorsal respiratory group.
