test 2 ch 17

Question 1

a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles

Answer 1

prokaryote

Question 2

the two domains of prokaryotes

Answer 2

bacteria and archaea

Question 3

how have prokaryotic organisms influenced the earth

Answer 3

contributed O2 to earth’s atmosphere, created a protective ozone layer, and paved the way for aerobic respiration

Question 4

explain the controversy around the term prokaryote

Answer 4

the word prokaryote falsely implies a close evolutionary relationship between bacteria and archaea, despite DNA evidence indicating that archaea is more closely related to eukaryotes; another reason is because prokaryotes are paraphyletic (don’t form a single, complete clade)

Question 5

t or f: archaea is more closely related to eukaryotes

Answer 5

true

Question 6

size of prokaryotes

Answer 6

1-10 um

Question 7

features bacteria and archaea have in common

Answer 7

size, prokaryotic, circular chromosome, unicellular, some can fix nitrogen or grow at temp. above 80C

Question 8

differences between archaea and bacteria

Answer 8

cell wall (archaea wall is protein), membrane (archaea based on nonfatty acids lipids), some bacteria use chlorophyll but archaea cannot, bacteria cant generate methane, archaea insensitive to streptomycin and genes may contain introns but bacterial genes dont

Question 9

the region where a prokaryotic cells DNA is located, along with some RNA and a few proteins

Answer 9

nucleoid region

Question 10

circles of DNA apart from the chromosome

Answer 10

plasmid

Question 11

these genes may encode the proteins necessary to copy the plasmid and transfer it to another cell or other genes may provide the ability to resist an antibiotic or toxin, cause disease, or alter the cells metabolism

Answer 11

plasmid genes

Question 12

structures that use the info in RNA to assemble proteins

Answer 12

ribosomes

Question 13

a rigid barrier that surrounds the cells of most bacteria and archaea

Answer 13

cell wall

Question 14

a complex polysaccharide that only occur in cell walls of bacteria, antibiotics take advantage of this by interfering with the cells synthesis

Answer 14

peptidoglycan

Question 15

sometimes called capsule or slime layer, it is a sticky layer of proteins or polysaccharides that may surround the cell wall; helps with attachment to surfaces, resistance to drying, and protection from immune system cells (under microscope appears as the area that’s kinda clear)

Answer 15

glycocalyx

Question 16

short-hairlike projections made of proteins that enable cells to adhere to objects

Answer 16

pili

Question 17

when cells move toward or away from an external stimulus such as food, toxins, oxygen or light

Answer 17

taxis

Question 18

dormant, thick-walled structures that can survive harsh conditions (examples clostridium botulinum)

Answer 18

endospores

Question 19

what does the cell wall of a gram-positive cell look like and what color does it show

Answer 19

it is shown as purple and the cell wall looks like a sandwich with lettuce on top

Question 20

what does the cell wall of a gram-negative cell look like and what color does it show

Answer 20

it is pink and it looks like a sandwich with lettuce in the middle

Question 21

staphylo-

Answer 21

clusters (think of congestion = staph infection = clusters)

Question 22

strepto-

Answer 22

chain like structure (think of feeling like your throat is chained shut during strept thoat)

Question 23

organism that acquire carbon through consumption of other organisms

Answer 23

heterotroph

Question 24

organism that acquires carbon from inorganic sources like CO2

Answer 24

autotroph

Question 25

organism that derives energy from the sun

Answer 25

phototroph

Question 26

organism that derives energy from chemicals

Answer 26

chemotroph

Question 27

organism that uses O2 to produce ATP

Answer 27

aerobe

Question 28

an organism that can produce ATP without O2

Answer 28

anaerobe

Question 29

for these types of anaerobes, O2 is toxic and they live in habitats that lack it

Answer 29

obligate anaerobes

Question 30

for these types of aerobes, they require O2 for generating ATP in cellular respiration

Answer 30

fucultative aerobes

Question 31

anaerobes that include the intestinal microbes, (E. coli and salmonella), that can live with or without O2

Answer 31

facultative anaerobes

Question 32

anaerobes that include the intestinal microbes, (E. coli and salmonella), that can live with or without O2

Answer 32

facultative anaerobes

Question 33

ways biologists classify prokaryotes

Answer 33

DNA sequencing

Question 34

t or f: molecular data can help construct evolutionary relationships

Answer 34

true

Question 35

passage of DNA from one generation to the next; cell division

Answer 35

vertical gene transfer

Question 36

when a cell receives DNA from another cell that is not its ancestor

Answer 36

horizontal gene transfer