lab prac 1

Question 1

coccus

Answer 1

sphere shaped

Question 2

bacillus

Answer 2

rod-like shape

Question 3

spirillum

Answer 3

spiral or squiggle shaped

Question 4

strepto-

Answer 4

chain-like structure

Question 5

staphylo-

Answer 5

clustered structure

Question 6

diplo-

Answer 6

paired structure

Question 7

What does a bacterial colony look like on an inoculated petri dish (“naked eye” view)?

Answer 7

has a white, creamy color and is normally circular in shape

Question 8

whiplike extension that rotates like a propeller

Answer 8

flagellum

Question 9

short, hairlike projections made of protein

Answer 9

pili

Question 10

a rigid barrier that surrounds the cells of most bacteria and archaea, gives a cell its shape

Answer 10

cell wall

Question 11

the region where this DNA is located, along with some RNA and a few proteins

Answer 11

nucleoid

Question 12

a sticky layer of proteins or polysaccharides that may surround the cell wall and helps with attachment to surfaces, resistance to drying, and protection from immune system cells

Answer 12

capsule (glycocalyx)

Question 13

are bacterial cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 13

prokaryotic

Question 14

Which bacterial cell features can be seen with a light microscope?

Answer 14

size, shape, and types of bacteria

Question 15

what other domains are prokaryotic besides bacteria?

Answer 15

archaea

Question 16

how can you measure antibiotic effectiveness?

Answer 16

by using a sensitivity plate and testing the antibiotic to see if it is rather larger in size, if it is than that means the antibiotic was more potent or more effective

Question 17

what is the antibiotic disk on a sensitivity plate?

Answer 17

it is the disk where the antibiotic is (the small dot in the middle of the larger circle)

Question 18

what is the zone of inhibition on a sensitivity plate?

Answer 18

it is the circular area around the spot of the antibiotic where the colonies don’t grow; the larger the circle, the more effective the antibiotic

Question 19

what is the bacterial lawn on a sensitivity plate?

Answer 19

it is the area on the plate in which the bacteria was spread across in a thick suspension to support growth throughout the entire surface

Question 20

where is bacteria found?

Answer 20

bacteria is found anywhere on earth, bacterial cells can sustain extreme climates and conditions; there is no place on earth without bacteria

Question 21

which bacteria are photosynthetic?

Answer 21

cyanobacteria (anabaena, nostoc, gloeocapsa, oscillatoria)

Question 22

they carry out the conversion of energy from the sunlight into chemical energy, they are responsible for the Earth’s transition from a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere to the present-day atmosphere

Answer 22

the importance of cyanobacteria

Question 23

Are cyanobacteria a common ancestor of plants, or are they extant species having an ancestor in common with plants?

Answer 23

they are a common ancestor of plants

Question 24

• they are eukaryotic but don’t seem to fit in with any of the other more common eukaryotic groups
• many are unicellular, but there are colonial, filamentous, and parenchymatic (sheet-like) forms as well
• some photosynthesize but can move around
• others act as decomposers like fungi but have cellulose in their cell walls (not chitin)

Answer 24

the reasons why protists have such a complicated phylogeny and taxonomy

Question 25

what has recently occurred to help classify protists? is that activity continuing?

Answer 25

grouping species according to a common ancestor in a clade which formed five accepted supergroups, yes it is continuing

Question 26

What do mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nuclear membranes have to do with evolution?

Answer 26

they arose from a symbiosis between aerobic prokaryotes and host anaerobic eukaryotic ancestors.

Question 27

What are the ancestral relationships?

Answer 27

the superclades that are closely related are excavate, rhiazaria, archaeplastida, and ameobazoa; the other two that are closely related to each other are stamenopila and alveolata which form chomalveolata

Question 28

Which supergroup and clade are pathogens found in?

Answer 28

excavata

Question 29

what is the disease caused by Giardia and what body part is affected?

Answer 29

it causes giardiasis and the body part affected is the intestinal walls/tract of its host which causes cramping, diarrhea, and nausea

Question 30

what is the disease caused by Trypanosoma and what body part is affected?

Answer 30

different species cause sleeping sickness and Chagas in humans, the body part that can be affected over time is the heart and intestines

Question 31

what is the disease caused by Trichomonas and what body part is affected?

Answer 31

it causes the STD, Trichomoniasis, symptoms can include vaginitis and increase risk of HIV; it is found along the mucus coated lining of the human reproductive system and urinary tract

Question 32

what is red tide and which of the protists is involved in its cause?

Answer 32

dinoflagellates are involved in red tide and red tide is a sudden population bloom of dinoflagellates that turn the water red, orange, or brown

Question 33

what is the nutrition mode for excavata

Answer 33

heterotrophs but some have chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis (mixotrophic)

Question 34

what is the nutrition mode for sar

Answer 34

heterotrophic or autotrophic from secondary endosymbiosis

Question 35

what is the nutrition mode for rhiazaria

Answer 35

free-living and heterotrophic

Question 36

what is the nutrition mode for alveolata

Answer 36

predation, photoautotrophic, parasitism

Question 37

what is the nutrition mode for archaeplastida

Answer 37

photosynthetic

Question 38

what is the nutrition mode for ameobazoans

Answer 38

phagocytosis

Question 39

(a) Paramecium waves hair-like appendages called cilia to propel itself. (b) Amoeba uses lobe-like pseudopodia to anchor themselves to a solid surface and pull themselves forward. (c) Euglena uses a whip-like tail called a flagellum to propel itself.

Answer 39

how move around

Question 40

means "false feet", extensions of the cytoplasm used for movement or feeding

Answer 40

pseudopodia

Question 41

short extensions resembling a fringe that help move cells

Answer 41

cilia

Question 42

a long, whiplike appendage that a cell uses for motility

Answer 42

flagella

Question 43

Euglena is spindle shaped, Amoeba has an irregular shape, and Paramecium is slipper shaped

Answer 43

yes