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A&P > Test 2 (Ch. 5, 6, 7, 8) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Ch. 5, 6, 7, 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Tight junction

A

completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly the neighboring cells. Regulate what can pass between cells

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2
Q

Desmosomes

A

a patch that holds cells together like the snap on a pair jeans. Hook-like J-shaped proteins. Mechanical strength between keratinocytes.

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3
Q

Gap junctions

A

formed by a connexon, six transmembrane proteins arranged in a ring. Exchange of communication between cells.

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secretions (hormones) released directly into the blood

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5
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secretions made locally through ducts (sweat, mammary, tear)

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6
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells, have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell

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7
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

can develop in any cell type of the embryo, but not into the accessory organs of pregnancy

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8
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

able to develop into two or more different cell types, but not just any type of body cell. Blood cells

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9
Q

Unipotent stem cells

A

can only produce one mature cell type. Keratinocytes

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10
Q

Hyperplasia

A

tissue growth through cell multiplication

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11
Q

Hypertrophy

A

enlargement of preexisting cells

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12
Q

Atrophy

A

shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. Results form both normal aging and lack of use of an organ

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13
Q

Necrosis

A

premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections, etc.

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14
Q

Apoptosis/programmed cell death

A

normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way

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15
Q

Layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial

A

stratum basale/germinativum (melanocytes and tactile cells), stratum spinosum (keratinocytes and drendritic cells- phagotize other cells), stratum granulosum (keratinocytes die), stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum (dead skin cells).

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16
Q

Functions of the skin

A

resistance to trauma and infections, other barrier functions, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulations, and nonverbal communication

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17
Q

Melanin

A

2 types. Eumelanin-brownish. Pheomelanin- reddish yellow, contains sulfur.

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18
Q

Cyanosis

A

blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen

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19
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Tactile sensory receptors located within the dermal papillae.

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20
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

Tactile sensory receptors located in the reticular layer.

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21
Q

sudoriferous gland

A

produces sweat. Sweat glands are of two types: (1) apocrine (found in the gr

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22
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

found in the ear and secrete earwax.

23
Q

Lunula

A

The half-moon-shaped area at the proximal end of the nail that appears whiter in color because the epithelium is thicker and inhibits the vascular tissue below from showing through.

24
Q

Hyponychium

A

The thickened portion of epidermis located under the free edge of the nail.

25
Q

Eponychium

A

The portion of the epidermis that surrounds the nail, also called the cuticle.

26
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

most common, least deadly because it seldom metastasizes. From stratum basale and invades the dermis

27
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal

28
Q

Melanoma

A

from the melanocytes. Most deadly, metastasize quickly, extremely aggressive and drug resistant

29
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

where lipids are stored in the medullary cavity of a long bone, primary function is triglyceride storage

30
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that no longer secrete matrix but maintain the balance of minerals and proteins in the matrix, exchanges nutrients and wastes with the blood

31
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that develop form embryonic mesenchymal cells, multiply continually

32
Q

Circumferential lamella

A

located below the periosteum and is added as a bone grows in diameter

33
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

1) Mesenchyme condenses, enlarge, and differentiate into trabecular
2) Osteogenic cells gather on trabecular and differentiate into osteoblasts. These cells deposit in osteoid tissue. Some become osteocytes and others turn into periosteum
3) Osteoblasts continue to deposit forming bony trabeculae. Some stay as permanent spongy bone. Osteoclasts resorb others to form a marrow cavity
4) Trabeculae at the surface continue to calcify, turning spongy bone into compact bone

34
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

1) Mesenchyme develops into hyaline cartilage
2) Perichondrium starts producing osteoblasts. Chondrocytes are enlarge and matrix is reduced to thin walls. Primary ossification center
3) Blood vessels enter the primary ossification center and it becomes the primary marrow cavity. Osteoblasts form trabeculae. Osteoclasts dissolve cartilage turning it into bone at metaphysis. Secondary ossification center
4) Secondary ossification center hollows out and becomes a secondary marrow cavity
5) Epiphyses are filled with spongy bone during development. Cartilage turn into epiphyseal plate

35
Q

Zone of reserve cartilage

A

farthest from the marrow cavity, consist of typical hyaline cartilage that show no sign of transforming into bone

36
Q

Zone of cell proliferation

A

chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae

37
Q

Zone of cell hypertrophy

A

chondrocytes cease to divide and begin to enlarge. The walls of matrix between lacunae become very thin

38
Q

Zone of cell calcification

A

minerals deposited in the matrix between columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage

39
Q

Zone of bone deposition

A

walls between the lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin depositing matrix while osteoclasts dissolve the calcified cartilage

40
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

a calcium deficiency

41
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

blood calcium excess

42
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted when blood calcium is too high. Lowers blood calcium by osteoclast inhibition and osteoblast stimulation

43
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

secreted by parathyroid gland, released when blood calcium is low

44
Q

Fractures

A

Nondisplaced fractures- bone is still lined up
Displaced fractures- bones have shifted out of place
Comminuted fractures- more than 2 bones broken, shattering
Greenstick fracture- bone bends, more often in children

45
Q

Healing process of fractures

A

1) Formation of hematoma- hematoma is converted to granulation tissue by invasion of cells and blood capillaries
2) Soft callus formation- deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue to a soft callus
3) Hard callus formation- osteoblasts deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture to unite the broken pieces while ossification occurs
4) Bone remodeling- small bone fragments are removed by osteoclasts, while osteoclasts deposit spongy bone and then convert it to compact bone

46
Q

hypophyseal fossa

A

the depression that is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and houses the pituitary gland. It is located in the inferior side of the brain.

47
Q

Greater and lesser cornua

A

The two horn-like processes that serve as muscle attachment sites

48
Q

Paranasal sinus

A

located in the maxillary bone, frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone, decrease the weight of the skull and act as a resonating chamber for the voice.

49
Q

Transverse process of vertebrae

A

This extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch and functions as a muscle attachment site.

50
Q

Pedicle of vertebrae

A

The portion of the vertebra extending posteriorly from the body to the transverse process.

51
Q

Body of vertebrae

A

A large, disc-shaped portion of the vertebra that forms the anterior wall of the vertebral foramen.

52
Q

Lamina of vertebrae

A

The portion of bone between the transverse and spinous processes that forms the posterior wall of the vertebral foramen.

53
Q

Odontoid process

A

The superior projection of the axis, which allows for side-to-side movement of the head.

54
Q

conoid tubercle

A

located near the acromial end of the clavicle, is an attachment site for muscles of the shoulder.

A&P (5 decks)

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