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A&P > Winter Test 2 > Flashcards

Winter Test 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower limbs

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2
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

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3
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body only

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4
Q

conduction of the spinal cord

A

bundles of fibers passing information up and down spinal cord, connecting different levels of the trunk with each other and with the brain

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5
Q

locomotion of the spinal cord

A

central pattern generators are pools of neurons providing control of flexors and extensors that cause alternating movements of the lower limbs

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6
Q

reflexes of the spinal cord

A

involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli

involves brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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7
Q

spinal cord

A

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull
passes through the vertebral canal
31 pair of spinal nerves

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8
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

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9
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies with little myelin

site of information processing – synaptic integration

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10
Q

white matter

A

abundantly myelinated axons

carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

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11
Q

sensory signals travel across three neurons

A

from origin in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain

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12
Q

first order neurons

A

detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

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13
Q

second order neurons

A

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

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14
Q

third order neurons

A

carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

anterior ramus

A

innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk
gives rise to nerves of the limbs

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16
Q

posterior ramus

A

innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back

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17
Q

meningeal branch

A

reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae and spinal ligaments

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18
Q

(reflexes) integrating center

A

a point of synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem
determines whether the efferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles

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19
Q

flexor reflex

A

the quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus

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20
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

pathway in which signals travel over many synapses on their way back to the muscle

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21
Q

crossed extension reflex

A

the contraction of extensor muscles in the limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn
maintains balance by extending other leg

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22
Q

intersegmental reflex

A

one in which the input and output occur at different levels (segments) of the spinal cord

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23
Q

cerebrum

A

83% of brain volume; cerebral hemispheres, gyri and sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum

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24
Q

cerebrellum

A

contains 50% of the neurons; second largest brain region,
consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis
contains half of all brain neurons,
white matter branching pattern is called arbor vitae

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25
brainstem
portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum are removed; diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
26
corpus callosum
thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres
27
dura mater
outer periosteal – equivalent to periosteum of cranial bones | inner meningeal – continues into vertebral canal and forms dural sac around spinal cord
28
arachnoid mater
transparent membrane over brain surface subarachnoid space separates it from pia mater below subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places
29
pia mater
very thin membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping into sulci not usually visible without a microscope
30
lateral ventricles
one in each cerebral hemisphere | interventricular foramen - a tiny pore that connects to third ventricle
31
third ventricle
single narrow medial space beneath corpus callosum | cerebral aqueduct runs through midbrain and connects third to fourth ventricle
32
fourth ventricle
small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum | connects to central canal runs down through spinal cord
33
ependyma
neuroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid
34
CSF Circulation
CSF secreted in lateral ventricles flows through intervertebral foramina into third ventricle then down the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle CSF is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi
35
Functions of CSF
buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability
36
blood-brain barrier
protects blood capillaries throughout brain tissue | consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls
37
blood-CSF barrier
protects the brain at the choroid plexus form tight junctions between the ependymal cells tight junctions are absent from ependymal cells elsewhere
38
blood barrier system permeability
highly permeable to water, glucose, and lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics slightly permeable to sodium, potassium, chloride, and the waste products urea and creatinine
39
midbrain
contains cerebral aqueduct contains continuations of the medial lemniscus and reticular formation contains the motor nuclei of two cranial nerves that control eye movements – CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)
40
tectum
roof-like part of the midbrain four bulges, the corpora quadrigemina upper pair, the superior colliculi function in visual attention, tracking moving objects, and some reflexes lower pair, the inferior colliculi receives signals from the inner ear
41
cerebral peduncles
two stalks that anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem anterior to the cerebral aqueduct
42
tegmentum
dominated by the red nucleus | connections go to and from cerebellum
43
substantia nigra
dark gray to black nucleus pigmented with melanin | motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus & basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement
44
cerebral crus
bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to the pons | carries corticospinal tracts
45
reticular formation
loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem
46
cerebellar peduncles
inferior peduncles – connected to medulla oblongata most spinal input enters the cerebellum middle peduncles – connected to the pons most input from the rest of the brain enters superior peduncles – connected to the midbrain carries cerebellar output
47
Cerebellar Functions
muscle contractions and motor coordination evaluation of sensory input- comparing textures timekeeping center hearing planning and scheduling tasks
48
Damage to cerebellum
emotional overreactions and trouble with impulse control
49
Forebrain
diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
50
thalamus
plays key role in motor control involved in the memory and emotional functions of the limbic system
51
hypothalamus
major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system plays essential roll in homeostatic regulation of all body systems
52
functions of hypothalamic nuclei
hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, rhythm of sleep and waking, memory, emotional behavior
53
epithalamus
very small mass of tissue pineal gland habenula – relay from the limbic system to the midbrain
54
function of frontal lobe
voluntary motor functions | motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression
55
function of parietal lobe
receives and integrates general sensory information, taste and some visual processing
56
function of temporal lobe
areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion
57
insula (functions)
(hidden by other regions) | understanding spoken language, taste and sensory information from visceral receptors
58
projection tracts
extends vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers carries information between cerebrum and rest of the body
59
commissural tracts
cross from one cerebral hemisphere through bridges called commissures most pass through corpus callosum anterior and posterior commissures enables the two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other
60
association tracts
connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere long association fibers – connect different lobes of a hemisphere
to each other short association fibers – connect different gyri within a single lobe
61
stellate cells
have spheroid somas with dendrites projecting in all directions receive sensory input and process information on a local level
62
pyramidal cells
tall, and conical, with apex toward the brain surface a thick dendrite with many branches with small, knobby dendritic spines include the output neurons of the cerebrum only neurons that leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS
63
basal nuclei
masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus receives input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the motor areas of the cortex send signals back to both these locations involved in motor control
64
Stage 1 of sleep
feel drowsy, close our eyes, begin to relax often feel drifting sensation, easily awakened if stimulated alpha waves dominate EEG
65
Stage 2 of sleep
pass into light sleep EEG declines in frequency but increases in amplitude exhibits sleep spindles – high spikes resulting from interactions between neurons of the thalamus and cerebral cortex
66
Stage 3 of sleep
moderate to deep sleep about 20 minutes after stage 1 theta and delta waves appear muscles relax and vital signs (body temperature, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate) fall
67
Stage 4 of sleep
called slow-wave-sleep (SWS) – EEG dominated by low-frequency, high amplitude delta waves muscles now very relaxed, vital signs at their lowest, and we become more difficult to awaken
68
denervation hypersensitivity
exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscle if autonomic nerves are severed
69
visceral reflexes
unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors and somewhat slower responses
70
Sympathetic Nervous System
thoracolumbar division short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers preganglionic neurosomas in lateral horns lead to nearby sympathetic chain of ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)
71
autonomic function of cerebral cortex
anger, fear, anxiety
72
autonomic function of hypothalamus
major visceral motor control center | nuclei for primitive functions – hunger, thirst, sex
73
autonomic fuction of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes
74
enteric nervous system
the nervous system of the digestive tract does not arise from the brainstem or spinal cord does innervate smooth muscle and glands

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