Test 2 - Chapters 4 & 9

Question 1

stages of prenatal development

Answer 1

1. Physical
2. Socio-emotional
3. Cognitive

Question 2

The period in prenatal development from conception to 2 weeks after fertilization of the egg, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.

Answer 2

germinal period

Question 3

The period in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the ______.

Answer 3

embryonic period

Question 4

The period in prenatal development from 8 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing, bodily structures are refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.

Answer 4

fetal period

Question 5

Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development

Answer 5

teratogens

Question 6

Prenatal mercury exposure causes…

Answer 6

mental retardation and blindness

Question 7

Harry Harlow’s research

Answer 7

Infant monkeys will prefer and form an attachment to a surrogate mother that provides comfort over a wire surrogate mother that provides milk. Harlow’s findings showed that comforting touch is critical in the socio-emotional development of infants.

Question 8

Change in any domain (physical, socio-emotional, or cognitive) takes place through complex interactions between the person’s biology, the person’s active exploration of an environment, and the constant feedback provided within the person’s cultural context

Answer 8

Dynamic Systems Perspective

Question 9

“we change how we think as we form new schemas, or ways of thinking about how the world works”

Answer 9

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Question 10

The attachment style for most infants, who are confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress.

Answer 10

secure attachment

Question 11

The attachment style for infants who are somewhat willing to explore an unfamiliar environment, but seem to have little interest in the caregiver—they do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns.

Answer 11

avoidant attachment

Question 12

The attachment style for infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver—they cry when the caregiver leaves the room, but they cannot be consoled by the caregiver upon his or her return.

Answer 12

ambivalent attachment

Question 13

a baby turning it’s head in anticipation of food after having the corner of its mouth stroked is an example of…

Answer 13

rooting reflex

Question 14

if the baby finds a nipple where it has turned it will begin to close its mouth on the nipple and suck. this is an example of…

Answer 14

sucking reflex

Question 15

if you stroke an infant’s palm, he automatically curls his fingers around the stroked area. this is an example of…

Answer 15

grasping reflex

Question 16

The process we use to incorporate new information into existing frameworks for knowledge.

Answer 16

Assimilation

Question 17

The process we use to create new frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

Answer 17

Accommodation

Question 18

The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills

Answer 18

Sensorimotor stage

Question 19

The second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.

Answer 19

Preoperational stage

Question 20

The third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by appearances.

Answer 20

Concrete Operational stage

Question 21

The final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic.

Answer 21

Formal Operational stage

Question 22

The fifth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which adolescents face the challenge of figuring out who they are.

Answer 22

Identity versus role confusion

Question 23

The physical changes in the body that are a part of sexual development.

Answer 23

puberty

Question 24

Earliest level of moral development; at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral. (Punish/reward)

Answer 24

Preconventional level

Question 25

Middle level of moral development; at this level, societal laws and the approval of others determine what is moral. (good boy/girl. Authority orientation)

Answer 25

Conventional level

Question 26

Highest level of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life. (social contract)

Answer 26

Postconventional level

Question 27

mental effects of stagnation...

Answer 27

feeling that life is going nowhere or that we are very materialistic and self-centered. less positive look on life.

Question 28

Severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to damage to the brain.

Answer 28

dementia

Question 29

Sixth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which young adults face the challenge of forming committed long-term friendships and romances.

Answer 29

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 30

Eighth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which older adults face the challenge of feeling satisfied that they have lived a good life and developed wisdom.

Answer 30

integrity vs. despair

Question 31

practices that promote health by age 70

Answer 31

Engaging in activities that stimulate the brain (doing crossword puzzles) and the body (swimming and walking) is associated with staying healthy and happy for as long as possible.

Question 32

Factors of differing strength that energize, direct, and sustain behavior.

Answer 32

motivation

Question 33

it stimulates us to do something

Answer 33

activating

Question 34

it guides our behaviors toward meeting specific goals or needs

Answer 34

directive

Question 35

it helps us sustain behaviors until we achieve our goals or satisfy our needs

Answer 35

sustaining

Question 36

will differ in strength depending on the person and the situation. ____ states are directive, meaning that they help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.

Answer 36

motivating

Question 37

Tendency for bodily functions to remain in equilibrium. The purpose of ______ is to stabilize conditions in the body.

Answer 37

homeostasis

Question 38

A critique of _______ is that self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.

Answer 38

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs