test 2 (early development)

Question 1

physical development in body within first year

Answer 1

baby fat peaks and maintains body temp:muscle tissue slowly increases

Question 2

what is the cephalocaudal trend

Answer 2

the head develops more quickly than the rest of the body. The head takes up 1/4 of the body in the first year then 1/5 after that.

Question 3

what is the proximodistal trend

Answer 3

Growth starts in the middle of the body, then continues outwards. Hands and feet grow last

Question 4

what is the skeletal stage of growth

Answer 4

In bone measurement during childhood it is the stage where cartilage hardens to bone. Finishes in adolescence.

Question 5

Neurons

Answer 5

nerve cells in the brain

Question 6

Synapses

Answer 6

Gap between every neuron that messages have to jump over. Neurons come very close together but never touch

Question 7

Neurotransmitters

Answer 7

Chemicals released by neurons to send messages throughout the brain

Question 8

Programmed cell death

Answer 8

Making space for the connective structures in the brain. Getting rid of synapses that are unused.

Question 9

Synaptic pruning

Answer 9

Synapses die when they are not used. 50% of child hood synapses die (they are also over produced)

Question 10

Glial cells

Answer 10

Mylenate the neural fibers

Question 11

Myelination

Answer 11

The coating of neural fibers with a fatty sheath in order to improve efficiency of the messages.

Question 12

Electrodense phylogram (EEG)

Answer 12

Records activity in the cerebral cortex and the brain waves that come out of it

Question 13

Event-related potentials (ERP)

Answer 13

The response from the brain are recorded as to where we can see the general region of the brain that reacts.

Question 14

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 14

Can detect the blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the brain as someone reacts to a stimuli

Question 15

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 15

Patient that is injected with radio active fluid is then given a stimulus. Can detect oxygen metabolism and the blood flow to the brain

Question 16

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Answer 16

A light is beamed into the brain and shows the blood flow and oxygen metabolism. Most appropriate for young children.

Question 17

Cerebral cortex

Answer 17

85% of the brains weight. Surrounds the rest of the brain and develops last in the brain. Has the largest environmental influence.

Question 18

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 18

Complex thought, inhibition of impulses, integration of information, reasoning, planning, problem solving

Question 19

Lateralization

Answer 19

The specialization of hemispheres of the brain (right does arts work and left does science/math)

Question 20

Brain plasticity

Answer 20

ability to hold new information and re learn if troubles occur

Question 21

Experience-expectant growth

Answer 21

the brain organization and development depends on the experiences a child has.

Question 22

interdependent self

Answer 22

Myan mothers believe their child needs to be sleeping with them in order to build a stronger bond

Question 23

Independent self

Answer 23

American mothers believe their child should sleep on their own so they can be independent in their lives

Question 24

Gross motor development

Answer 24

Actions that help infants get around in their environment

Question 25

Fine motor development

Answer 25

Smaller movements like reaching or grasping t get used to the environment

Question 26

Dynamic systems theory

Answer 26

learning motor skills requires the help from many different systems that are always changing similar to a forest with all its different components that are always changing and growing.

Question 27

Pre reaching

Answer 27

Poorly coordinated swipes in front of an object in front of a new born. Not quite reaching but getting there

Question 28

Proprioception

Answer 28

Sense of movement and location in space

Question 29

Ulnar grasp

Answer 29

Fingers close against the palm (very messy)

Question 30

Princer grasp

Answer 30

Around end of the first year. Using the thumb and index finger in the well coordinatedd grasp

Question 31

Perceptual narrowing effect

Answer 31

perceptual sensitivity becomes more familiar and we start to recognize it better as we see it more

Question 32

Visual acuity

Answer 32

fitness of discrimination of objects

Question 33

depth perception

Answer 33

ability to judge the distance of objects between ourselves and others

Question 34

Visual cliff

Answer 34

Plexiglass table with a "shallow" and "deep" side. When babies are young and just starting to crawl they will be interested in the deep side, but as they get older, they will avoid it all together

Question 35

Binocular depth cue

Answer 35

Sight cue that uses both eyes.

Question 36

pictoral depth cue

Answer 36

3D looking cues that tell the child depth cues. (textures, receding lines)

Question 37

perceptual narrowing

Answer 37

"liking" what they see more of. if they see more white people, they will learn to feel more similarly to white people, even if the child is a different race

Question 38

Size constancy

Answer 38

perceiving objects as the same even though the size has changed in the retinal reflection

Question 39

Shape constancy

Answer 39

perceiving objects as the same size even though changes may have occurred when projected onto the retina

Question 40

intermodal stimulation

Answer 40

input from more than one modality (sensory system like smell or taste)

Question 41

intermodal perception

Answer 41

making sense of running streams of light like smell or taste or touch and processing as an integrated whole

Question 42

amodal sensory properties

Answer 42

information not specific to a single modality but more than one sensory system overlaps

Question 43

affordances

Answer 43

action possibilities that a situation or environment has to offer for the child with motor capacities.

Question 44

epiphyses

Answer 44

growth centers where the cartilage turns to bone. 45 new ones emerge between 2 and 6 years old

Question 45

cerebellum

Answer 45

balance and control of the body (back base of the brain)

Question 46

reticular formation

Answer 46

alertness and consciousness, generates synapses and myelinates through early childhood (in brain stem)

Question 47

hippocampus

Answer 47

memory and images of space to help us find our way

Question 48

amygdala

Answer 48

big emotions, especially fear. Very sensitive to facial emotions

Question 49

corpus callosum

Answer 49

fibers that connect the hemispheres. Supports smooth coordination on both sides of the body