Test 2 HIM - Chapters 3, 4, & 5 part 1 Flashcards by Samson Garrett

gastr/o-

stomach

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intestin/o-

intestine

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-al

pertaining to

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Other terms for Gastrointestinal System:

gastrointestinal tract
digestive system
digestive tract
alimentary canal

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digest/o-

break down food; digest

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-ive

pertaining to

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aliment/o-

food; nourishment

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-ary

pertaining to

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or/o-

mouth

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Gastrointestinal system begins where?

In the mouth or oral cavity

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What is contained in the oral cavity?

Teeth, gums, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, and uvula

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lingu/o-

tongue

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gloss/o-

tongue

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gustat/o-

sense of taste

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-ory

having the function of

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Receptors on the tongue perceive taste and send this sensory information where?

Gustatory cortex in the brain

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Lubricant that moistens food as it is chewed and swallowed

saliva

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What enzyme is contained in saliva?

Amylase

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saliv/o-

saliva

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Three pairs of salivary glands:

parotid glands
sublingual glands
submandibular glands

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Process of chewing food

mastication

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par-

beside

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ot/o-

ear

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-id

origin; resembling; source

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sub-

below; underneath

lingu/o-

tongue

mandibul/o-

lower jaw; mandible

mastic/o-

chewing

-ation

being; having; process

Process of swallowing food

deglutition

degluti/o-

swallowing

-tion

being; having; process

pharyng/o-

pharynx; throat

-eal

pertaining to

How does the body prevent swallowed food from going into the larynx and into the lungs?

When the food is swallowed, muscles in the neck pull the larynx upward towards the epiglottis. This seals off the opening so that the food does not enter into the larynx.

flexible, muscular tube that connect the pharynx to the stomach

esophagus

esopha/o-

esophagus

What process does the esophagus use to move food towards the stomach?

peristalsis

peri-

around

stal/o-

contraction

-sis

condition; process

pylor/o-

pylorus

-ic

pertaining to

large, elongated sac in the upper abdominal cavity

stomach

Four regions of the stomach

* Cardia * Fundus * Body * Pylorus

Gastric mucosa is arranged in thick, deep folds called

Rugae

Two sphincters in the stomach

* Lower esophageal sphincter | * Pyloric sphincter

Semisolid mixture of partially digested food, saliva, digestive enzymes, and fluids in the stomach

Chyme

Long, hollow tube that receives chyme from the stomach

Small intestine or small bowel

Three parts of the small intestine:

* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum

duoden/o-

duodenum

10-inch, C shaped segment that begins at the stomach and ends at the jejunum

duodenum

Second part of the small intestine; 8-foot segment that repeatedly twists and turns in the abdominal cavity

jejunum

Final part of the small intestine; 12-foot long segment where absorption of nutrients is completed

ileum

jejun/o-

jejunum

ile/o-

ileum

Ileum contains thousands of these small, thin structures

villi

Central, open area

lumen

Larger tube that receives undigested material and some water from the small intestine

Large intestine or large bowel

Four parts of the large intestine:

* cecum * colon * rectum * anus

short sac; appendix hangs from it

cecum

cec/o-

cecum

appendic/o-

appendic

-ix

thing

The walls of the large intestine contain these puckered pouches that can greatly expand as needed

haustra

Longest part of the large intestine; travels through all 4 quadrants of the abdomen

colon

4 parts of the colon:

* ascending colon * transverse colon * descending colon * sigmoid colon

colon/o-

colon

short, straight segment that connects to the outside of the body

rectum

the external opening of the rectum located between the buttocks

anus

rect/o-

rectum

an/o-

anus

proct/o-

rectum and anus

celi/o-

abdomen

This cavity contains the largest organs of the GI system

abdominopelvic cavity

double-layer serous membrane; one later lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and the other later surrounds each of the organs

peritoneum

peritone/o-

peritoneum

periton/o-

peritoneum

watery fluid that fills the spaces between organs and allows them to slide past each other during the movements of digestion; secreted by the peritoneum

paritoneal fluid

Supports the stomach and hangs down as a broad, fatty apron to cover and protect the small intestine; extension of the peritoneum

omentum

The peritoneum also becomes this thick, fan-shaped sheet that supports the jejunum and ileum

mesentery

meso-

middle

The blood supply to the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas comes from this branch of the aorta

celiac trunk

Accessory organs of digestion

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Large, dark red-brown organ located in the upper abdomen.

Liver

hepat/o-

liver

-cyte

cell

yellow-green, bitter-tasting, thick fluid

bile

Bile is a combination of what?

bile acids, mucus, fluid, and two pigments, bilrubin and biliverdin

all of the bile ducts are collectively known as

biliary tree

Bile produced by the liver flows through the ____ and into the ____ towards the duodenum

common hepatic duct; common bile duct

bili/o-

bile; gall

rub/o-

red

-in

substance

teardrop-shaped, dark green sac posterior to the liver; concentrates and stores bile

gallbladder

The presence of what in the duodenum causes the gallbladder to contract and release it's bile

fatty chyme

yellow gland shaped like an elongated triangle

pancreas

Duct that the pancreas secrets its digestive enzymes through to the duodenumo

pancreatic duct

Two types of digestion:

* mechanical | * chemical

What processes are involved in mechanical digestion?

* mastication * deglutition * peristalsis * emulsification

Hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile

cholecystokin

cholecyst/o-

gallbladder

kin/o-

movement

emulsific/o-

liquid with suspended particles

Chemical digestion uses what to break down foods?

* enzymes | * acid

3 substances the stomach secretes during chemical digestion

* hydrochloric acid (HCl) * pepsinogen * gastrin

strong acid that breaks down food fibers, converts pepsinogen to the digestive enzyme pepsin, and kills microorganisms in food

HCl

inactive substance converted by HCl to pepsin

pepsinogen

digestive enzyme that breaks down protein foods into protein molecules

pepsin

hydr/o-

fluid; water

chlor/o-

cholide

pepsin/o-

pepsin

-gen

that which produces

peps/o-

digestion

hormone that stimulates the release of more HCl and pepsinogen

gastrin

Chemical digestion continues in the small intestine as cholecystokin from the duodenum stimulates the pancreas to secrete what?

* amylase * lipase * protein-digesting enzymes

amyl/o-

carbohydrate; starch

-ase

enzyme

lip/o-

fat; lipid

lact/o-

milk

villi of the small intestine produce this digestive enzyme

lactase

This enzyme breaks down the sugars in carbohydrates, starches, and milk to the simple sugar glucose

lactase

What is absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the blood in the small intestine?

nutrients and water

What is absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the blood in the large intestine?

any remaining water

absorpt/o-

absorb; take in

chez/o-

pass feces

fec/o-

feces; stool

fec/a-

feces; stool

This occurs when undigested materials and water are eliminated from the body in a solid waste form known as feces

elimination; defecation

de-

reversal of; without

mucous membrane that lines the GI system and produces thin mucus

mucosa

hard bone and posterior soft tissues that form the roof of the mouth

palate

first part of the stomach just after the esophagus

cardia

rounded, top part of the stomach

fundus

narrowed, last part of the stomach just before it joins the duodenum

pylorus

decreased appetite because of disease or gastrointestinal side effects of a drug

anorexia

an-

not; without

orex/o-

appetite

-ia

condition; state; thing

difficult or painful eating or swallowing

dysphagia

dys-

painful; abnormal; difficult

phag/o-

swallowing; eating

excessive overeating due to an overactive thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, or a psychiatric illness

polyphagia

poly-

many; much

inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth due to infection, allergies, or a nutritional deficiency

cheilitis

cheil/o-

lip

-itis

infection of; inflammation of

stone that forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct, blocking the flow of saliva

sialolithiasis

sial/o-

saliva; salivary gland

lith/o-

stone

-iasis

process; state

-lith

stone

inflammation of the oral mucosa

stomatitis

stomat/o-

mouth

consists of reccuring outbreaks of small, painful ulcers (canker sores) on the lips or oral mucosa

aphthous stomatitis

aphth/o-

ulcer

-ous

pertaining to

inflammation that involves only the tongue

glossitis

Indigestion with mild, temporary epigastric pain, sometimes with gas or nausea

dyspepsia

Swollen, protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus or stomach

esophageal varices

Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach due to spicy foods, excess acid production, or a bacterial infection

gastritis

Acute inflammation or infection of the stomach and intestines due to a virus (flu) or bacterium

gastroenteritis

Chronic inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esphagus because the LES does not close tightly.

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Temporary inflammation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid.

heartburn; pyrosis

pyr/o-

burning; fire

-osis

condition; process

Vomitting of blood because of bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

hematemesis

eme/o-

vomitting

emet/o-

vomitting

Expelled food or chyme

vomitus

reflux of small amounts of food and acid back into the mouth, but without vomitting

regurgitation

regurgitat/o-

backward flow

Excessive vomitting during the first months of pregnancy

hyperemisis gravidarum

Chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer (stomach, esophagus, and duodenum)

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

cancerous tumor of the stomach that begins in the glands in the gastric mucosa

stomach cancer

stomach cancer is categorized as an?

adenocarcinoma

cancer/o-

cancer

aden/o-

gland

carcin/o-

cancer

-oma

mass; tumor

abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small and large intestines.

ileus

occurs after the intestines are manipulated during abdominal surgery and peristalsis is slow to return

postoperative ileus

post-

after; behind

operat/o-

perform a procedure; surgery

Telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment

intussusception

intussuscept/o-

receive within

twisting or rotating of the intestine around itself because of a structural abnormality of the mesentery

volvulus or malrotation

mal-

bad; inadequate

rotat/o-

rotate

inflammation and infection of the appendix

appendicitis

common disorder in babies; crampy abdominal pain soon after eating

colic

cancerous tumor of the colon

colon cancer or colorectal adenocarcinoma

weakness in the wall of the colon where the mucosa forms a pouch or tube

diverticulum

condition of multiple diverticula

diverticulosis or diverticular disease

Inflammation, abdominal pain, infection, and fever caused by feces trapped inside of diverticulum

diverticulitis

diverticul/o-

diverticulum

bacterial infection caused by an unusual strain of E. coli; there is watery diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus

dysentery

-entery

condition of the intestine

autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to the gluten found in certain grains; damages the small intestine

gluten sensitivity enteropathy

-pathy

disease

Gluten sensitivity enteropathy is also known as

celiac disease

-ac

pertaining to

chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Type of IBD that affects the ileum and colon; has areas of normal mucosa, "skip areas," and then inflammation

Chron's disease or regional enteritis

Type of IBD that affects the colon and rectum and causes inflammation and ulcers

Ulcerative colitis

ulcerat/o-

ulcer

disorder of the function of the colon, although the mucosa of the colon never shows any visible signs of inflammation

irritable bowel syndrome

IBS is also known as

Spastic colon or mucous colitis

spast/o-

spasm

small, fleshy, benign, or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon

polyp

has a thin stalk that supports an irregular, ball-shaped top

pedunculated polyp

mound with a broad base

sessile polyp

an inherited condition in which family members have multiple colon polyps

benign familial polyposis

polyp/o-

polyp

swollen, protruding veins in the rectum (internal) or on the skin around the anus (external)

hemorrhoid

hemorrh/o-

flowing of blood

-oid

resembling

inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy for cancer or from ulcers or infection

proctitis

protruding wall of the rectum pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inward and block the vaginal canal or even to protrude to the outside of the body

rectocele

-cele

hernia

failure to have a regular, soft bowel movement

constipation

constip/o-

compacted feces

severe, unrelieved constipation that can lead to a mechanical obstruction of the bowel

obstipation

obstip/o-

severe constipation

hardened feces that becomes a stone-like mass

fecalith

abnormally frequent, loose, and sometimes watery feces

diarrhea

dia-

completely; through

-rrhea

discharge; flow

presence of excessive amounts of gas (flatus) in the stomach or intestines

flatulence

flatul/o-

gas; flatus

-ence

state

blood in the feces

hematochezia

chez/o-

pass feces

dark, tar-like feces that contains digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach

melena

inability to voluntarily control bowel movements

incontinence

in-

in; not; within

contin/o-

hold together

greasy, frothy, foul-smelling feces that contain undigested fats

steatorrhea

steat/o-

fat

fibrous bands that form after surgery in the abdominal cavity; bind intestines to each other or other organs

adhesions

adhes/o-

stick to

weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall; intestine bulges through this defect

hernia

Hernias are named after what?

how easily the intestine can move back into its normal position and their location

moves back and forth between the hernia sac and the abdominopelvic cavity

sliding or reducible hernia

intestine swells within the hernia sac and becomes trapped; the intestine can no longer be pushed back into the abdomen

incarcerated (irreducible) hernia

incarcer/o-

imprison

-ated

composed of; pertaining to a condition

incarcerated hernia whose blood supply has been cut off; leads to tissue death (necrosis)

strangulated hernia

hernia where the stomach bulges up into the opening where the esophagus comes through the diaphragm

hiatal hernia

hiat/o-

gap; opening

hernia that occurs anywhere on the anterior abdominal wall (except at the umbilicus)

ventral hernia

ventr/o-

abdomen; front

hernia at the umbilicus (navel)

umbilical hernia

umbilic/o-

umbilicus; navel

umbilical hernia that is present at birth and is only covered with peritoneum, without any fat or abdominal skin

omphalocele

omphal/o-

navel; umbilicus

hernia in the groin; in a male patient, the intestine can slide through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum

inguinal hernia

hernia along the suture line of a prior abdominal surgical incision

incisional hernial

incis/o-

cut into

inflammation and infection of the peritoneum; occurs when an ulcer, diverticulum, or cancerous tumor breaks through the wall of the stomach or intestines or when an inflamed appendix ruptures

peritonitis

accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity

ascites

ascit/o-

ascites

chronic, progressive inflammation and finally irreversible degeneration of the liver, with nodules and scarric

cirrhosis

cirrh/o-

yellow

inflammation and infection of the liver from the hepatitis virus

hepatitis or viral hepatitis

vir/o-

virus

acute but short-lived infection; most people recover completely. caused by exposure to water or food that is contaminated with feces from a person who is infected with this virus

hepatitis A virus or infectious hepatitis

acute infection; many people recover completely. when it is chronic, there may not be symptoms for 20 years but during this time the person is a carrier and can infect others. Spread via blood or during sexual activity via saliva or vaginal secretions.

hepatitis B virus or serum hepatitis

begins as an acute infection that continues as a chronic infection. caused by exposure to contaminated needles or the blood of an infected person. not readily transmitted via sexual activity.

hepatitis C virus

secondary infection caused by a mutated hepatitis virus. only develops in patients who already have hepatitis B.

hepatitis D virus or delta hepatitis

similar to hepatitis A but rarely occurs in the USA

hepatitis E virus

enlargement of the liver due to cirrhosis, hepatitis, or cancer

hepatomegaly

enlargement of both the liver and the spleen

hepatosplenomegaly

splen/o-

spleen

yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes; increased level of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood

jaundice

a patient that does not have jaundice is?

nonicteric

non-

not

icter/o-

jaundice

jaundice caused by a gallstone obstructing the flow of bile in the bile ducts

obstructive jaundice

obstruct/o

blocked by a barrier

cancerous tumor of the liver

liver cancer, hepatoma, or hepatocellular carcinoma

cellul/o-

cell

-ar

pertaining to

acute or chronic inflammation of the bile ducts because of cirrhosis or gallstones

cholangitis

acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

one or more gallstones in the gallbladder

cholelithiasis

chol/e-

bile; gall

cholecyst/o-

gallbladder

cholangi/o-

bile duct

cancerous tumor of the pancreas

pancreatic cancer

inflammation or infection of the pancreas

pancreatitis

blood test for the major protein molecule in the blood; liver disease results in low levels

albumin

blood test for the enzyme found in both liver cells and bone cells; elevated level due to liver or bone disease

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

blood test for the enzymes which are mainly found in the liver; elevated blood levels occur when damaged liver cells release these enzymes

alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)

blood test for unconjugated, conjugated, and total bilirubin levels; levels are abnormal when these is liver diease or gallstones

bilirubin

conjugated bilirubin is also known as _____ because it reacts directly with the reagent used to perform the lab test

direct bilirubin

Unconjugated bilirubin or ______ only reacts when another substance is added to the reagent

indirect bilirubin

blood test for this enzyme found mainly in the liver; elevated blood level occurs when damaged liver cells release this enzyme into the blood

gamma-glutamyl tanspeptidase (GGT, GGTP)

panel of individual blood tests performed at the same time to give a comprehensive picture of liver function

liver function tests (LFTs)

rapid screening test to detect the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

CLO test

test that uses a culture to determine which bacterium is causing an intestinal infection and a sensitivity test to determine which antibiotic drugs it is sensitive to.

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

test for occult (hidden) blood in the feces

fecal occult blood test or stool guaiac test

test to determine the amount of hydrocloric acid in the stomach

gastric analysis

test to determine if these is a parasitic infection in the GI tract

ova and parasites

procedure that uses liquid contrast medium inserted into the rectum and colon

barium enema (BE)

procedure that uses a contrast dye to outline the bile ducts

cholangiography

contrast dye is injected intravenously, travels through the blood to the liver, and is excreted with the bile into the gallbladder

intravenous cholangiography (IVC)

needle is passed through the abdominal wall, and the contrast dye is injected into the liver

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)

endoscope is used and the contrast dye is injected by a catheter to visualize the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

per-

through; throughout

retro-

backward; behind

-grade

pertaining to going

procedure that uses x-rays to create images of abdominal organs and structures in many thin, successive "slices"

computerized axial tomography (CAT, CT)

procedure that uses an x-ray without contrast dye. patient lies flat, in te supine position, on the x-ray table

flat plate of the abdomen

procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves to create images of the gallbladder

gallbladder ultrasound

procedure that uses a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of the patient's body; protons emit signals to form very detailed images of abdominal organs and structures as thin, successive "slices"

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

procedure that uses tablets of iodinated contrast dye taken orally. contrast dye is dissolved in the small intestine, absorbed into the blood, travels to the liver, and is excreted with bile into the gallbladder.

oral cholecystography (OCG)

procedure that uses a liquid contrast medium that is swallowed; medium coats and outlines the walls of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

upper GI series (UGI) or barium swallow

procedure to insert a long, flexible nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach

insertion of nasogastric (NG) tube

procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a needle and a vacuum contained

abdominocentesis

-centesis

procedure to puncture

procedure to remove the appendix because of appendicitis

appendectomy

-ectomy

surgical removal

procedure to remove a small piece of tissue from an ulcer, polyp, mass, or tumor

biopsy

bi/o-

life; living organism; living tissue

-opsy

process of viewing

procedure to remove a section of diseased intestine and rejoin the intestine

bowel resection and anastomosis

anastom/o-

create an opening between two structures

resect/o-

cut out; remove

procedure to remove the gallbladder

cholecystectomy

minimally invasive cholecystectomy that uses a laparoscope

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

lapar/o-

abdomen

scop/o-

examine with an instrument

-scope

instrument used to examine

procedure to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove a gallstone

choledocholithotomy

choledoch/o-

common bile duct

-tomy

process of cutting; process of making an incision

procedure to remove the diseased part of the colon and create a new opening in the abdominal wall where feces can leave the body

colostomy

type of colostomy where part of the ileum and colon are removed and a stoma is created

ileostomy

-stomy

surgically created opening

procedure that uses an endoscope to interally examine the GI tract

endoscopy

endo-

innermost; within

visualization and examination of the esphagus

esophagoscopy

visualization and examination of the stomach

gastroscopy

visualization and examination of the esophagus first, followed by the stomach, and then the duodenum.

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

visualization and examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope

sigmoidoscopy

visualization and examination of the entire colon after the colonoscope is passed through the rectum

colonoscopy

procedure that uses a long abdominal incision to open the abdominopelvic cavity widely so that it can be explored

exploratory laparotomy

procedure to remove all or part of the stomach because of a cancerous or benign tumor

gastrectomy

procedure to treat severe obesity

gastroplasty, gastric stapling, gastric bypass

procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the stomach to insert a gastrostomy feeding tube.

gastrostomy

-plasty

process of reshaping by surgery

permanent feeding tube is inserted through the abdominal wall and then guided via endoscope to be positioned in the stomach

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)

procedure to remove hemorrhoids from the rectum or around the anus

hemorrhoidectomy

procedure that uses sutures to close a defect in the muscle wall where there is a hernia

heniorrhaphy

-rrhaphy

procedure of suturing

procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the jejunum to insert a jejunostomy feeding tube

jejunostomy

procedure to remove a severely damaged liver from a patient with end-stage liver disease and insert a new liver from a donor

liver transplantation

transplant/o-

move something across and put in another place

procedure to remove one or more polyps from the colon using forceps or a snare positioned around the thin stalk of a pedunculated polyp

polypectomy

drugs that treat heartburn by neutralizing acid in the stomach

antacid drugs

treat gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria

antibiotic drugs

treat diarrhea by slowing peristalsis which increases water absorption from the feces

antidiarrheal drugs

treat nausea and vomitting and motion sickness

antiemetic drugs

dissolve gallstones (instead of surgical removal)

drugs for gallstones

treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers by blocking H2 (histamine 2) receptors in the stomach that trigger the release of HCl acid.

H2 blocker drugs

treat constipation by softening the stool, adding dietary fiber, or directly stimulating the intestinal mucosa

laxative drugs

treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers by blocking the final step in the production of HCl acid

proton pump inhibitor drugs

bullet-shaped capsule that contains a drug and is inserted into the rectum

suppository

supposit/o-

placed beneath

-ory

having the function of

ABD, abd

abdomen

AC, a.c.

before meals (Latin: ante cibum)

ALP

alkaline phosphatase

ALT

alanine aminotransferase; alanine transaminase

AST

aspartate aminotransferase; aspartate transaminase

barium enema

bowel movement

BRBPR

bright red blood per rectum

bowel sounds

C&S

culture and sensitivity

CAT

computerized axial tomography

CBD

common bile duct

CLO

Campylobacter-like organism

computerized tomography

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GGPT, GGT

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

gastrointestinal

HAV

hepatitis A virus

HBV

hepatitis B virus

HCl

hydrochloric acid

HCV

hepatitis C virus

IBD

inflammatory bowl disease

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

IVC

intravenous cholangiography

LES

lower esophageal sphincter

LFTs

liver function tests

LLQ

left lower quadrant

LUQ

left upper quadrant

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

N&V

nausea and vomitting

nasogastric

NPO, n.p.o

nothing per mouth (Latin: nil per os)

O&P

ova and parasites

OCG

oral cholecystography

PC, p.c.

after meal (Latin: post cibum)

PEG

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

PEJ

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy

PO, p.o.

by mouth (Lation: per os)

PTC

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

PUD

peptic ulcer disease

RLQ

right lower quadrant

RUQ

right upper quadrant

SGOT

serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (older name for AST)

SGPT

serum glutamix-pyruvic transaminase (older name for ALT)

UGI

upper gastrointestinal (series)

consists of the right and left lungs and the air passageways that connect the lungs to the outside of hte body

respiratory system

re-

again and again; backward; unable to

spir/o-

breathe; coil

-atory

pertaining to

What makes up the upper respiratory system?

nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx (throat)

What makes up the lower respiratory system?

larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Purpose of the respiratory system?

bring oxygen into the body and expel the waste product carbon dioxide

this divides the nasal cavity in the center

nasal septum

sept/o-

dividing wall; septum

The 3 long, bony projections on each side of the nasal cavity

superior, middle, and inferior turbinates or nasal conchae

turbin/o-

scroll-like structure; turbinate

-ate

composed of; pertaining to

nasal cavity is lined with what?

mucosa

area of the throat that is posterior to the nasal cavity

nasopharynx

area of the throat that is posterior to the oral cavity

oropharynx

area of the throat that is posterior to the larynx

laryngopharynx

-pharynx

pharynx; throat

or/o-

mouth

laryng/o-

larynx; voice box

pharynx divides into these two parts

larynx and esophagus

voice box; remains open during respiration and speech, allowing air to pass in and out through the vocal cords

larynx

lid-like structure

epiglottis

epi-

above; upon

glott/o-

glottis of the larynx

vertical passageway for inhaled and exhaled air

trachea

trache/o-

trachea; windpipe

inferior end of the trachea splits to become the right and left primary ____

bronchi

primary bronchus enters the lung and branches into smaller _____

bronchioles

unlike the trachea and bronchi, the smallest bronchioles have no what?

cartilage for support; they have walls of smooth muscle

bronchiol/o-

bronchiole

refers to the bronchi and the lungs

bronchopulmonary

pulmon/o-

lung

trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles look like the trunk and branches of an upside-down tree and are called ____

bronchial tree

bronchial tree is line with these small hairs

cilia

spongy, air-filled structures

lungs

large divisions whose dividing lines are visible on the outer surface of the lung

lobes

which lung is larger and has one more lobe than the other?

right; has 3 lobes

rounded top of each lung

apex

an indentation on the medial surface of the lung; bronchus enters the lung through here

hilum

Inside the long, the bronchus branches into bronchioles, which branch into these hollow spheres of cells that expand and contract with each breath

alveoli

secreted by the alveoli; a protein-fat compound that reduces surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveoli from collapsing with each exhalation

surfactant

the alveoli are the pulmonary ____, the functional part of the lung

parenchyma

hil/o-

indentation

bony cage that consists of the sternum anteriorly, ribs laterally, and vertebrae posteriorly

thorax

thorac/o-

chest; thorax

pector/o-

chest

steth/o-

chest

between the lungs lies this irregularly shaped area that contains the trachea, heart, and esophagus

mediastinum

sheet of skeletal muscle that lies along the inferior border of the thoracic cavity

diaphragm

each lung is located within a ____ that is surrounded by ____, a double-layered serous membrance

pleural cavity; pleura

layer next to the lung's surface

visceral pleura

layer next to the wall of the thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

pleur/o-

lung membrane

viscer/o-

large internal organs

pariet/o-

wall of a cavity

the pleura secretes pleural fluid into this narrow space between its two layers

pleural space

slipper, watery fluid that allows the 2 layers to slide smoothly past each other as the lungs expand and contract during respiration

pleural fluid

breathing in

inhalation; inspiration

breathing out

exhalation; expiration

in-

in; not; within

hal/o-

breathe

pne/o-

breathing

these centers in the brain regulate the depth and rate of respiration; send nerve impulses to the phrenic nerve that cause the diaphragm to contract

respiratory control centers

phren/o-

diaphragm; mind

ex-

away from; out

normal depth and rate of respiration

eupnea

Five separate process of respiration

* Ventiliation * External respiration * Gas transport * Internal respiration * Cellular respiration

eu-

good; normal

-pnea

breathing

movement of air in and out of the lungs

ventilation

movement of oygen from inhaled air into the alveoli and then into the blood and movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli and then into exhaled air

external respiration

ventil/o-

movement of air

ox/i, ox/o-, ox/y

oxygen

capn/o-

carbon dioxide

hem/o-

blood

glob/o-

comprehensive; shaped like a globe

gen/o-

arising from; produced by

-ated

composed of; pertaining to a condition

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

gas transport

compound formed when oxygen molecules in the blood bind with the hemoglobin in red blood cells

oxyhemoglobin

movement of oxygen from the blood into the cells and movement of carbon dioxide from the cells into the blood

internal respiration

oxygen is used by the cells to produce energy in the process of metabolism

cellular respiration

metabol/o-

change; transformation

-ism

disease from a specific cause; process

pneum/o-

air; lung

pneumon/o-

air; lung

diaphragmat/o-

disaphragm

cost/o-

rib