Test 2 HIM - Chapters 3, 4, & 5 part 2 Flashcards by Samson Garrett

bacterial or viral infection of the nose and/or throat

upper respiratory infection (URI); common cold or head cold

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infect/o-

disease within

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-ion

action; condition

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hyperreactivity of the bronchi and bronchioles with bronchospasm; inflammation and swelling severely narrow the lumens

asthma or reactive airway disease

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-spasm

sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

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prolonged, extremely severe, life-threatening asthma attack

status asthmaticus

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asthm/o-

asthma

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-atic

pertaining to

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acute or chronic inflammation or infection of the bronchi

bronchitis

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chronic, permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity of the broncioles

bronchiectasis

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-ectasis

condition of dilation

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types of abnormal breath sounds

pleural friction rub, rales, rhonchi, stridor, wheezes

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creaking, grating or rubbing sound when the two layers of inflamed pleura rub against each other during inspiration

pleural friction rub

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irregular crackling or bubbling sounds during inspiration

rales

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humming, whistling, or snoring sounds during inspiration or expiration

rhonchi

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high-pitched, harsh, crowing sound due to edema or obstruction in the trachea or larynx

stridor

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high-pitched whistling or squeaking sounds during inspiration or expiration

wheezing

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severe infection, extensive burns, or injury to the lungs damages the alveoli

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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this develops in premature infants who produce too little surfactant because their lungs are not fully mature

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

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tract/o-

pulling

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incomplete expansion or collapse of part or all of a lung due to mucus, tumor, trauma, or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus

atelectasis

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atel/o-

incomplete

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combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema; caused by chronic exposure to pollution or smoking

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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chron/o-

time

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obstruct/o-

blocked by a barried

-ive

pertaining to

em-

phys/o-

distend; grow; inflate

-ema

condition

hereditary, eventually fatal disease caused by a recessive gene

cystic fibrosis (CF)

cyst/o-

bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst

fibr/o-

fiber

-osis

condition; process

localized collection of purulent material (pus) in the thoracic cavity from an infection in the lungs

empyema or pyothorax

py/o-

pus

-ema

condition

purul/o-

pus

-ent

pertaining to

chronic, irreversibly damaged alveoli that are enlarged and trap air in the lungs

emphysema

acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory sstem

influenza

severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection

legionnaries' disease

canceorus tumor of the lungs that is more common in smokers than nonsmokers

lung cancer

malign/o-

cancer; intentionally causing harm

-ant

pertaining to

aden/o-

gland

constant exposure to inhaled particles that causes pulmonary fibrosis, and the alveoli lose their elasticity

occupational lung diseases

type of occupational lung disease caused by coal dust

anthracosis (col minger's lung or black lung disease)

antrach/o-

coal

type of occupational lung disease caused by asbestos fibers

asbestosis

asbest/o-

asbestos

general word for any occupational lung disease caused by chronically inhaling some type of dust or particle

pneumoconiosis

coni/o-

dust

infection of some or all of the lobes of the lungs

pneumonia

-ia

condition; state; thing

caused by a foreign matter that is inhaled into the lungs

aspiration pneumonia

aspir/o-

breathe in; suck in

caused by bacteria

bacterial pneumonia

affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the lungs

bonchio-pneumonia

bacteri/o-

bacterium

involves both lungs

double pneumonia

affects part or all of just one lobe of the lung

lobar pneumonia

this type of lobar pneumonia affects all of the lobes of one lung

panlobar pneumonia

pan-

all

lob/o-

lobe of an organ

-ar

pertaining to

acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae

pneomococcal pneumonia

cocc/o-

spherical bacterium

-al

pertaining to

severe pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci

Pneumocytis jiroveci pneumonia

type of infection that waits for an opportunity to cause disease in a person whose immune system is weakened

opportunistic infection

opportun/o-

taking advantage of an opportunity; well timed

type of pneumonia caused by a virus

viral pneumonia

mild form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae

walking pneumonia

fluid (edema) collections in the alveoli; result of backup of blood in the pulmonary circulation because of failure of the left side of the heart to adequately pump blood

pulmonary edema

vir/o-

virus

blockage of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus

pulmonary embolism

embol/o-

embolus; occluding plug

acute viral respiratory illness that can be fatal; fever, dyspnea, and cough, together with a history of travel in an airplane or close contact with another patient w/ this syndrome

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

lung infection caused by the bacterium Myobacterium tuberculosis and spread by airborne droplets and coughing

tuberculosis (TB)

soft nodules of necrosis produces by the bacteria in TB

tubercles

tuber/o-

nodule

-cle

small thing

presence of blood in the thoracic cavity, usually from trauma

hemothorax

accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to inflammation or infection of the pleura and lungs

pleural effusion

effus/o-

pouring out

inflammation or infection of the pleura due to pneumonia, trauma, or tumor

pleurisy or pleuritis

-isy

condition of infection; condition of inflammation

large volume of air in the pleural space; increasingly separates the two layers of the pleura and compresses or collapses the lung

pneuomothorax

brief or prolonged absence of spontaneous respirations due to respiratory failure or respiratory arrest

apnea

away from; without

middle-aged, obese patients who snore excessively have this

obstructive sleep apnea

abnormally slow rate of breathing (less than 10 breaths per minute in adults)

bradypnea

protective mechanism to forcefully expel accidentally inhaled food, irritating particles, or internally produced mucos

coughing

brady-

slow

coughing up sputum from the lungs

expectoration

coughing up blood-tinged sputum

hemoptysis

-ptysis

condition of coughing up

difficult, labored, or painful respiration due to lung disease

dyspnea, shortness of breath (SOB)

form of dyspnea that occurs after brief activity in patients with severe COPD

dyspnea on exertion (DOE)

form of dyspnea where shortness of breath is occurs at night because fluid builds up in the lungs while the patient is lying down

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

paroxysm/o-

sudden, sharp attack

need to be propped in an upright or semi-upright position in order to breathe and sleep comfortable

orthopnea

orth/o-

straight

abnomally rapid rate of breathing (greater than 20 breaths per minute in adults) that is caused by lung disease

tachypnea

complete lack (or a severely decreased level) of oxygen in the arterial blood and body tissues

anoxia

an-

not; without

decrease in heart rate and blueness of the skin that occur because of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide and an abnormally low level of oxygen

asphyxia

bluish-gray discoloration of the skin because of a very low level of oxygen and a very high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues

cyanosis

circum-

around

very high level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood

hypercapnia

very low level of oxygen in the arterial blood

hypoxemia

very low level of oxygen in the cells

hypoxia

blood test to measure the partial pressure (P) of the gases oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in a sample of arterial blood

arterial blood gases (ABG)

blood test to measure the level of carbon monoxide in the blood of patients exposed to fires, smoke, or fumes in a closed, unventilated space

carboxyhemoglobin

procedure in which a small, noninvasive clip device is place on the patient's index finger or earlobe to measure the degree of oxygen saturation of the blood

oximetry

procedure to measure the capacity of the lungs and the volume of air during inhalation and exhalation

pulmonary function test

procedure to determine if a patient has sleep apnea and what is causing it

sleep study or polysomnography

test to identify which bacterium is causing a pulmonary infection and to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotic drugs

sputum culture and sensitivity

poly-

many; much

somn/o-

sleep

sensitiv/o-

affected by; sensitive to

-ity

condition; state

test to determine if a patient has TB

tuberculosis tests

type of TB screening test that uses a four-pronged device to puncture the skin and introduce PPD (purified protein derivative), part of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

tine test

type of TB test that uses an intradermal inject of PPD

Mantoux test

radiologic procedure that uses x-rays to create an image of the lungs

chest radiography or chest x-ray (CXR)

radiologic procedures that scan a narrow slice of tissues and create an image

computerized axial tomography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging

nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled radioactive gas to show air-flow in the lungs.

ventilation and perfusion scan (V/Q)

procedure that uses a stethoscope to listen to breath sounds

auscultation

uses the finger of one hand to tap over the finger of the other hand that is spread across the patient's back over a lobe of the lung

percussion

auscult/o-

listening

percuss/o-

tapping

procedure to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood if the patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped beating

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

procedure in which an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted

endotracheal intubation

tub/o-

tube

alternative to the endotracheal tube where the tube is insurted through the nasopharynx to reach the trachea

nasotracheal tube

procedure to assist a choking victim with an airway obstruction

heimlich maneuver

medical device to encourage patients to breathe deeply to prevent atelectasis

incentive spirometry

portable plastic device with a mouthpiece

spirometer

procedure to provide additional oxygen to patents with pulmonary disease

oxygen therapy

oxygen from oxygen therapy delivered through this device

nasal cannula or face mask

-ator

person who does; person who produces; thing that does; thing that produces

mechanical device that breathes for a patient or assists with some breaths

ventilator or respirator

hand-held device that is used to manually breathe for the patient on a temporary basis

ambu bag

procedure during a physical examination in which the temperature, pulse, respirations (TPR), and blood pressure (BP) are measured

vital signs

procedure that uses a lighted bronchoscope inserted through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi

bronchoscopy

procedure that inserts a plastic tube between the ribs and into the thoracic cavity to remove accumulated air, fluid, pus, or blood due to trauma or infection

chest tube insertion

procedure to remove part or all of a lung

lung resection

type of lung resection where a small wedge-shaped piece of lung tissue is removed

wedge resection

type of lung resection where a large piece or a segment of a lobe is removed

segmental resection

type of lung resection where an entire lobe is removed

lobectomy

type of lung resection where an entire lung is removed

pneumonectomy

resect/o-

cuto out; remove

procedure that uses a needle and a vacuum container to remove pleural fluid from the pleural space

thoracentesis or thoracocentesis

-centesis

procedure to puncture

incision into the thoracic cavity; first step of a surgical procedure involving the thoracic cavity and the lungs

thoracotomy

procedure that begins with an incision into the trachea to create an opening; tracheostomy tube is then inserted to keep the opening from closing

tracheostomy

treat respiratory infections caused by bacteria

antibiotic drugs

treat tuberculosis; several of these must be used together to be effective

antitubercular drugs

suppress the cough center in the brain

antitussive drugs

prevent and treat influenza virus infection in at-risk patients with asthma or lung disease

antiviral drugs

dilate constricted airways by relaxing the smooth muscles that surround the bronchioles

bronchodilator drugs

block the immune system from causing inflammation in the lung

corticosteroid drugs

reduce the thickness of sputum so that it can be coughed up

expectorant drugs

cortic/o-

cortex; outer region

-steroid

steroid

block leuotriene, which causes inflammation and edema

leukotriene receptor blocker drugs

stabilize mast cells and prevent them from releasing histamine that causes brochospasm during an allergic reaction

mast cell stabilizer drugs

bind to nicotine receptors and prevent them from being activated by nicotine from smoking

stop smoking drugs

A&P

ausculation and percussion

ABG

arterial blood gases

AFB

acid-fast bacillus

anteroposterior

ARDS

adult respiratory distress syndrome; acute respiratory distress syndrome

breathing sounds

C&S

culture and sensitivity

cystic fibrosis

carbon monoxide

CO2

carbon dioxide

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP

continuous positive airway pressure

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

computerized tomography

CXR

chest x-ray

DOE

dyspnea on exertion

ETT

endotracheal tube

FEV1

forced expiratory volume in one sec

FiO2

fraction (percentage) of inhaled oxygen

FVC

forced vital capacity

HMD

hyaline membrane disease

LLL

left lower lobe

LUL

left upper lobe

MDI

metered-dose inhaler

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

oxygen

posteroanterior

PCO2, pCO2

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PFT

pulmonary function test

PND

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

PO2, pO2

partial pressure of oxygen

PPD

packs per day (of cigs); purified protein test (TB test)

room air

RDS

respiratory distress syndome

RLL

right lower lobe

RML

right middle lobe

RRT

registered respirator therapist

RUL

right upper lobe

SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

SOB

shortness of breath

tuberculosis

TPR

temperature, pulse, and respiration

URI

upper respiratory infection

V/Q

ventilation and perfusion (scan)

continuous, circular body system that includes the heart and the vascular structures (blood vessels)

cardiovascular or circulatory system

vacul/o-

blood vessel

angi/o-

blood vessel; lymphatic vessel

vas/o-

blood vessel; vas deferens

circulat/o-

movement in a circular route

-ory

having the function of

purpose of the cardiovascular system

move the blood to every part of the body as it transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

muscular organ that contracts at least once every second to pump blood throughout the body

heart

heart contains these four champers

* right atrium * right ventricle * left atrium * left ventricle

atri/o-

atrium; chamber that is open at the top

ventricul/o-

ventricle; chamber that is filled

central wall that divides the heart into right and left sides

septum

inferior tip of the heart

apex

sept/o-

dividing wall; septum

apic/o-

apex; tip

these four valves control the flow of blood through the heart

* tricuspid * pulmonary * mitral * aortic

this valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle; it has 3 triangular cusps

tricuspid valve

this valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary valve

this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle; it has 2 cusps

mitral or bicuspid valve

this valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta

aortic valve

rope-like stands attached to their valve leaflets; found in the tricuspid and mitral valves

chordae tendinae

S1 or first heart sound, "lubb," is caused by?

sound is made as the tricuspid and mitral valves close

S2 or second heart sound, "dubb," is caused by?

sound is made as the pulmonary and aortic valves close

muscular layer of the heart

myocardium

my/o-

muscle

innermost layer that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves

endocardium

outermost layer; surrounds the heart as the pericardial sac and secretes paricardial fluid

pericardium

part of the pericardium that is next to the surface of the heart

visceral pericardium or epicardium

part of the pericardium that is the outer wall of the pericardial sac

parietal pericardium

slippery, watery fluid that allows the two membranes to slide past each other as the heart contracts and relaxes

pericardial fluid

explain the process that pumps blood to the body

myocardium around the two atria contracts, forcing blood into the two ventricles > myocardium around the two ventricles contracts > blood in the right ventricle goes into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries that go to the lungs > blood in the left ventricle goes into the aorta that goes to the entire body

why is the myocardium the thickest on the left side of the heart?

because it is the left ventricle that must work the hardest to pump blood to the entire body

what are the great vessels?

aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary arteries and veins

reflects the close relationship between the heart and the thoracic cavity

cardiothoracic

pariet/o-

wall of a cavity

peri-

around

-um

period of time; structure

vascular channels through which blood circulates in the body

blood vessels

refers to the blood vessels associated with a particular organ

vasulature

-ature

system composed of

smooth inner lining that promotes the flow of blood

endothelium or intima

theli/o-

cellular layer

large blood vessels

arteries

arteries branch into smaller _____

arterioles

arteri/o-

artery

arter/o-

artery

-ole

small thing

Characteristics/functions shared by arteries

1. carry blood away from the heart to the body or to the lungs 2. most arteries carry bright red blood that has a high level of oxygen. the pulmonary arteries from the heart to the lungs cary dark red-purple blood that has a low level of oxygen. 3. most arteries lie deep beneath the skin. the few that lie near the surface bulge each time they contract and can be felt as a pulse. 4. all arteries have smooth muscle in their walls

contraction of the smooth muscle that causes the lumen of the artery decreases in size

vasoconstriction

relaxation of the smooth muscle that causes the lumen of the artery to increase in size

vasodilation

constrict/o-

drawn together; narrowed

dilat/o-

dilate; widen

smallest blood vessels in the body; lumen of these blood vessels is so small that blood cells must pass through in a single file

capillaries

capill/o-

capillary; hair-like structure

what connects the arterioles and venules?

a network of capillaries

these small veins combine to form a large vein

venules

ven/o-

vein

characteristics/fuctions shared by veins

1. all veins carry blood from the body and lungs to the heart 2. most veins carry dark red-purple blood that has a low level of oxygen. the pulmonary veins from the lungs to the heart carry bright red blood that has just picked up oxygen in the lungs. 3. largest veins have valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction--back toward the heart 4. many veins are near the surface of the body and can be seen just under the skin as bluish, sometimes bulging lines

phleb/o-

vein

largest artery in the body

aorta

travels from the heart in a superior direction

ascending aorta

these arteries to the myocardium are the first arteries to branch off from the ascending aorta

coronary arteries

coron/o-

structure that encircles like a crown

the ascending aorta becomes this inverted, U-shaped segment

aortic arch

3 major arteries that branch off from the aortic arch

* brachiocephalic trunk * left common carotid artery * left subclavian artery

what two arteries does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?

* right common carotid artery | * right subclavian artery

carot/o-

sleep; stupor

-id

origin; resembling; source

sub-

below; underneath

clav/o-

clavicle; collar bone

-ian

pertaining to

these arteries bring oxygenated blood to the neck, face, head, and brain

carotid arteries

these arteries bring oxygenated blood to the shoulders

subclavian arteries

continuation of the subclavian arteries in the area of the armpit

axillary arteries

axill/o-

armpit

continuation of the axillary arteries that brings oxygenated blood to the upper arm

brachial artery

brachi/o-

arm

two divisions of the brachial artery

radial and ulnar arteries

division of the brachial artery that brings oxygenated blood to the thumb side of the lower arm

radial artery

division of the brachial artery that brings oxygenated blood to the little finger side of the lower arm

ulnar artery

radi/o-

forearm bone; radiation; x-rays

uln/o-

forearm bone; ulna

this artery travels inferiorly through the thoracic cavity and branches into arteries that bring oxygenated blood to the esophagus, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, upper spinal cord, and back

thoracic aorta

as the thoracic aorta goes through the diaphragm it becomes this artery; brings oxygenated blood to the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal aorta

branches of the abdominal aorta that provide blood to the kidneys

renal arteries

ren/o-

kidney

ilio-

hip bones; ilium

in the pelvic cavity, the abdominal aorta ends and splits in two to form the inverted Y of these arteries

right and left iliac arteries

bring oxygenated blood to the hip and groin

iliac arteries

continuation of the iliac artery which brings oxygenated blood to the upper leg

femoral artery

as the femoral artery nears the knee joint, it becomes this artery

popliteal artery

poplite/o-

back of the knee

femor/o-

femur; thigh bones

popliteal artery divides into these arteries

tibial and peroneal arteries

artery that brings oxygenated blood tot he front and back of the lower leg

tibial artery

artery that brings oxygenated blood to the little toe side of the lower leg along the fibula bone

peroneal artery

tibi/o-

shin bone; tibia

perone/o-

fibula; lower leg bone

originate from the pulmonary trunk which comes from the right ventricle of the heart; carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary arteries

two major veins of the body

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the right atrium

superior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body (abdomen, pelvis, and legs, but not the lungs)

inferior vena cava

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

pulmonary veins

carries deoxygenated blood from the head to the superior vena cava

jugular vein

carries blood from the intestines to the liver

portal vein

carries deoxygenated blood from the leg to the groin

saphenous and femoral veins

jugul/o-

jugular; throat

port/o-

point of entry

saphen/o-

clearly visible

two pathways through which blood circulation occurs

* systemic | * pulmonary

arteries, arterioles, cappilaries, venules, and veins everywhere in the body except the lungs

systemic circulation

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs

pulmonary circulation

refers to the close connection between the heart and the lungs

cardiopulmonary

system/o-

body as a whole

systemic circulation through the veins

dark red-purple blood coming from cells in the upper body travels through capillaries, venules, and veins to the superior vena cava > blood coming from cells in the lower body travels through capillaries, venules, and veins to the inferior vena cava > blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae travels through the right atrium > tricuspid vale > right ventricle

pulmonary circulation

once blood enters the right ventricle, pulmonary circulation begins > blood travels through the pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries and arterioles to the capillaries in the lungs > in a capillary beside an alveolus, gas exchange occurs > blood becomes bright red > blood travels through the pulmonary veins > left atrium of the heart

systemic circulation through the arteries

once blood enters the left atrium of the heart, circulation is systemic again > blood travels through the mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic vale > aorta > upper and lower body > oxygenated blood is distributed to the entire body via arteries, arterioles, and capillaries

heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm that is coordinated by

the conduction system

conduct/o-

carrying; conveying

pacemaker of the heart located in the wall of the right atrium

sinoatrial node (SA node)

sin/o-

channel; hollow cavity

electrical impulse travels from the SA node through ___ located in the right atrium near the septum

atrioventricular node (AV node)

electrical impulse travels from the AV node through the _____

bundle of His

electrical impulse travels from the bundle of His and into the right and left _____

bundle branches

bundle branches end in a network of nerves called

Purkinje fibers

heartbeat physiology

SA node sends electrical impulse > both atria contract > impulse travels to the AV node > bundle of His > right and left bundle branches > Purkinje fibers > both ventricles contract

contraction

systole

resting period between contractions

diastole

systol/o-

contracting

diastol/o-

dilating

when the SA node controls the heart beat, the heart is in?

normal sinus rhythm

these sites can take over and produce an abnormal heart rhythm is the SA node fails to produce impulses, those impulses are blocked, or if these areas become hyperexcited

ectopic sites

ectop/o-

outside

polar/o-

negative state; positive state

fract/o-

bend; break up

cusp/o-

point; projection

syndrome that includes acute ischemia of the myocardium and unstable angina pectoris

acute coronary syndome

ich/o-

block; keep back

-emia

condition of the blood; substance in the blood

mid-to-severe chest pain caused by ischemia of the myocardium

angina pectoris

crushing, squeezing, heaviness, or pressure-like sensation in the chest, with pain extending up into the jaw, teeth, neck, or down the left arm, often with extreme sweating and a sense of doom

anginal pain

angin/o-

angina

enlargement of the heart, usually due to congestive heart failure

cardiomegaly

any disease condition of the heart muscle that includes heart enlargement and heart failure

cardiomyopathy

-pathy

disease

left ventricle is dilated and the myocardium is so stretched that it can no longer contract to pump blood

dilated cardiomyopathy

cardiomyopathy with an unknown cause

idiopathic cardiomyopathy

idi/o-

unknown; individual

inability of the heart to pump sufficient ammounts of blood; caused by coronary artery disease or hypertension

congestive heart failure (CHF)

during early CHF, the myocardium undergoes hypertrophy (enlargement) and this temporarily improves blood flow; patient is in ____?

compensated heart failure

congest/o-

accumulation of fluid

-trophy

process of development

compens/o-

compensate; counterbalance

-ated

composed of; pertaining to a condition

in later stages of CHF, the heart can no longer enlarge and the myocardium becomes flabby and loses its ability to contract; patient is in _____

decompensated heart failure

de-

reversal of; without

death of myocardial cells due to severe ischemia

myocardial infarction (MI); heart attack

infarct/o-

small area of dead tissue

necr/o-

dead body; dead cells; dead tissue

inflammation and bacterial infection of the endocardium lining a heart valve

endocarditis

structural abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve do not close tightly; can be congenital or caused by infection

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where the aorta is abnormally narrow

coarctation of the aorta

coarct/o-

pressed together

(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where there is a permanent hole in the interatrial septum

atrial septal defect (ASD)

(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where there is a pemanent hole in the interventricular septum

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where there are four defects: ventricular septal defect, narrowing of the pulmonary trunk, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and abnormal posotion of the aorta

Tetralogy of Fallot

tetr/a-

for

(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where the aorta incorrectly comes from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk incorrectly comes from the left ventricle

transposition of the great vessels

(occurs at the time of birth during the change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation) ductus arteriosus fails to close

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

pat/o-

open

-ent

pertaining to

(occurs at the time of birth during the change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation) foramen ovale fails to close

Patent foramen ovale

abnormal heart sound created by turbulence as the blood leaks through a defective heart valve

murmur

infection or inflammation of the pericardial sac with an excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid

pericarditis

when an excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid compressed the heart and prevents it from beating

cardiac tamponade

tampon/o-

stop up

-ade

action; process

autoimmune response to a noncardiac streptococcal infection, such as strep throat

rheumatic heart disease

rheumat/o-

watery discharge

these irregular collections of platelets, fibrin, and bacteria form on the valves during rheumatic heart disease

vegetations

vegetat/o-

frowth

condition where the valves become scarred and narrowed

stenosis

sten/o-

constriction; narrowness

any type of irregularity in the rate or rhythm of heart

arrhythmia or dysrhythmia

away from; without

rrhythm/o-

rhythm

-ia

condition; state; thing

arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slowly

bradycardia

arrhythmia in which there is a very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium

fibrillation

arrhythmia in which there is a very fast but regular rhythm (250 beats per minute) of the atria or ventricles

flutter

arrhythmia in which electrical impulses cannot travel normally from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

heart block

in ____ degree heart block, the electrical impulses reach the ventricles but are very delayed

first

in ____ degree heart block, only some of the electrical impulses reach the ventricles

second

in ____ degree heart block (complete heart block), no electrical impulses reach the ventricles

third

in ____ block, the electrical impulses are unable to travel down the right or left bundle of His

right or left bundle branch

fibrill/o-

muscle fiber; nerve fiber

arrhythmia in which there are one or more extra contractions in between systole and distole

premature contraction

two types of premature contractions

premature atrial contractions (PACs) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

repeating pattern of one premature contraction followed by one normal contractions

bigeminy

repeating pattern of one premature contraction followed by two normal contractions

trigeminy

extra contraction between systole and distole

extrasystole

contract/o-

pull together

extra-

outside

-systole

contraction

two premature contractions occurring together

couplet

arrhythmia in which bradycardia alternates with tachycardia

sick sinus syndrome

arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm (up to 200 beats/minute)

tachycardia

type of tachycardia that occurs because of an abnormality in the SA node.

sinus tachycardia

type of tachycardia that occurs when an ectopic site somewhere in the atrium prduces an electrical impulse that overrides the SA node rhythm

atrial tachycardia

type of tachycardia that occurs when an ectopic site above (superior to) the ventricles produces an electrical impulse

supraventricular tachycardia

supra-

above

episode of tachycardia that occurs suddenly and then goes away without treatment

paroxysmal tachycardia

complete absence of a heartbeat

asystole; cardiac arrest

uncomfortable sensation felt in the chest during a premature contraction of the heart

palpitation

palpit/o-

throb

area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery; with each heartbeat, the weakened artery wall balloons outward

aneurysm

aneurysm that enlarges by tunneling between the layers of the artery wall

dissecting aneurysm

dissect/o-

cut part

-ing

doing

aneurysm/o-

aneurysm; dilation

progressive degenerative changes that produce a narrowed, hardened artery.

arteriosclerosis; arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

low-density lipoproteins (LPDs) in the blood deposit cholesterol and form an _____ inside the artery

atheroma or atheromatous plaque

scler/o-

hard; sclera of the eye

ather/o-

soft, fatty substance

-oma

mass; tumor

atheromat/o-

fatty deposity; fatty mass

harsh, rushing sound made by blood passing through an artery narrowed and roughed by atherosclerosis

bruit

arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries

coronary artery disease (CAD)

elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood

hyperlipidemia

lipid/o-

fat; lipid

elevated level of cholesterol in the blood

hypercholesterolemia

cholesterol/o-

cholesterol

elevated level of triglycerides in the blood

hypertriglyceridemia

triglycerid/o-

triglyceride

elevated blood pressure (above 140/90 mm Hg)

hypertension (HTN)

blood pressure readings between 120/80 mm Hg and 140/90 mm Hg

prehypertension

tens/o-

tension; pressure

pre-

before; in front of

blood pressure lower than 90/60 mm Hg

hypotension

sudden, temporary, but self-correcting decrease in systolic blood pressure that occurs when the patient changes from a lying to a standing position and experiences lightheadedness

orthostatic hypotension

stat/o-

standing still; staying in one place

atherosclerosis of the arteries in the legs

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

in PAD, blood flow or _____ to the extremities is poor, and there is ischemia of the tissues

perfusion

In PAD, patient experiences pain in the calf or ______ while walking

intermittent claudication

fus/o-

pouring out

per-

through; through out

claudicat/o-

limping pain

peripher/o-

outer aspects

any disease of the arteries of the extremities; includes PAD and Raynaud's

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

inflammation of a vein, usually accompanied by infection; area around the vein is painful and the skin overlying the vein may show a red streak

phlebitis

phleb/o-

vein

phlebitis with the formation of a blood clot

thrombophlebitis

thromb/o-

blood clot

sudden, severe vasoconstriction and spasm of the arterioles in the fingers and toes, often triggered by cold or emotional upset

Raynaud's disease

damaged or incompetent valves in a vein that allow blood to flow backward and collect in the preceding section of vein. the vein becomes distended with blood, twisting and bulging under the surface of the skin

varicose veins

varic/o-

varicose vein; varix

-ose

full of

test to measure the levels of enzymes that are released into the blood when myocardial cells die during a myocardial infarction

cardiac enzymes

Creatine kinase (CK) is found in all muscle cells, but a specific form of it (____) is only found in myocardial cells; rises 2-6 hours after a myocardial infarction

CK-MB or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Found in many different cells, including the heart; level begins to rise 12 hours after a myocardial infarction

Lactate dehyrogenase (LDH)

test to measure the level of inflammation in the body

c-reactive protein (CRP)

test included as part of a cardiac risk assessment; this amino acid damages the blood vessel walls

homocysteine

test that provides a comprehensive picture of the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and their lipoprotein carriers

lipid profile

test to measure the level of two proteins that are released into the blood when myocardial cells dia

troponin

procedure performed to study the anatomy and pressures in the heart

cardiac catheterization

catheter/o-

catheter

-ization

process of creating; process of inserting; process of making

procedure performed to evaluate the heart's response to exercise in patients with chest pain, palpitations, or arrhythmias

cardiac exercise stress test

procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

electr/o-

electricity

procedure to map the heart's conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia

electrophysiologic study (EPS)

physi/o-

physical function

procedure during which the patients heart rate and rhythm are continuously monitored as an outpatient for 24 hours

Holter monitor

procedure performed instead of a cardiac stress test for patients who cannot exercise vigorously.

pharmacologic stress test

procedure to monitor a patient's heart rate and rhythm in the hospital

telemetry

tele/o-

distance

procedure in which radiopaque contraste dye is injected into a blood vessel to fill and outline it

angiography

radiopaque conrast dye is injected into an artery to show blockage, narrowed areas, or aneurysms

arteriography

radiopaque contrast dye is injected into a vein to show weakened valves and dilated walls

venography

procedure that uses a transducer to produce ultra high-frequency sound waves that are bounced off of the heart to create an image

echocardiography

creates a real-time picture of the heart and its chambers and valves as it contracts and relaxes

two-dimensional echocardiography

patient swallows an endoscopic tube that contains a tiny, sound-emitting transducer. this is positioned in the esophagus directly behind the heart

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

images the flow of blood in an artery or vein

doppler ultrasonography

son/o-

sound

ultra-

beyond; higher

combines the ultrasound image with a color-coded Doppler image; variations in blood flow and turbulence are shown (faster flow = red, slower flow = blue)

color flow duplex ultrasonography

nuclear medicine procedure that uses the radioactive tracer technetium-99m; also calculates the ejection fraction

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan, radionuclide ventriculography (RNX), or gated blood pool scan

nucle/o-

nucleus of an atom; nucleus of a cell

-ide

chemically modified structure

nuclear medicine procedure that combines a cardiac exercise stress test with intravenous injections of a radioactive tracer; tracer collects in those parts of the myocardium that have the best perfusion

myocardial perfusion scan or cardiolite stress test

procedure that is a variation of a myocardial perfusion scan or a MUGA scan. instead of being stationary above the patient's chest, the gamma camera is moved in a circle around the patient; creates images that are "slices"

single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)

procedure that uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart sounds

auscultation

during auscultation, stethoscope is placed at the ____, which is at the apex of the heart

point of maximum impulse (PMI)

procedure to circulate the blood and ventilate the lungs after a patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

procedure to treat an arrhythmia that cannot be controlled with antiarrhythmic drugs; uses a defibrillator

cardioversion

procedure in which a sclerosing drug is injected into a varicose vein

sclerotherapy

-therapy

treatment

pulse in the wrist; most commonly used site

radial pulse

pulse used during an emergency because, if the patient is in shock, there is less blood flow to the extremities

carotid pulse

pulse that can be heard with a stethoscope and is also used to evaluate the heart rhythm and heart sounds

apical pulse

blood pressure is measured with a _____ and a stethoscope

sphygmomanometer

sphygm/o-

pulse

man/o-

frenzy; thin

top number in blood pressure reading, which represents the force of the contraction of the ventricles

systolic pressure

second number in blood pressure reading

diastolic pressure

procedure to remove an aneurysm and repair the defect in the artery wall

aneurysmectomy

procedure used during open heart surgery inwhich the patient's blood is rerouted through a cannula in the femoral vein to a heart-lung machine

cardiopulmonary bypass

procedure to remove plaque from an occluded carotid artery

carotid endarterectomy

procedure to bypass an occluded coronary artery and restore blood flow to the myocardium

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

suturing of one blood vessel to another

anastomosis

anastom/o-

create an opening between two structures

procedure to remove a severely damaged heart from a patient with end-stage heart failure and insert a new heart rom a donor

heart transplantation

procedure in which an automated device is implanted to control the heart rate and rhythm in a patient with an arrhythmia

pacemaker insertion

procedure to reconstruct a coronary artery that is narrowed because of atherosclerosis

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

balloon within the catherer is inflated. it compresses the atheromatous plaque and widens the lumen of the artery. the balloon is then deflated and the catheter is removed

balloon angioplasty

procedure that uses a needle to puncture the pericardium and withdraw inflammatory fluid accumulated in the pericardial sac

pericardiocentesis

-centesis

procedure to puncture

procedure to destroy ectopic areas in the heart that are emitting electrical impulses and producing arrhythmias

radiofrequency ablation (RDA)

ablat/o-

destroy; take away

uses heat to collapse and seal large varicose veins

radiofrequency catheter occlusion

occlus/o-

close against

procedure to replace a severely damaged or prolapsed heart valve with an artificial valve or posthesis

valve replacement

if the replacement heart valve comes from an animal, it is known as a ____

xenograft

prosthet/o-

artificial part

xen/o-

foreign

-graft

tissue for implant; tissue for transplant

procedure to reconstruct a heart valve to correct stenosis or prolapse

valvoplasty or valvuloplasty

used the cult the valve during valvoplasty

valvulotome

valv/o-

valve

valvul/o-

valve

-tome

area with distinct edges; instrument used to cut

treat congestive heart failure and hypertension

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor drugs

treat arrhythmias

antiarrhythmic drugs

prevent a blood blot from forming in patients with arteriosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, previous myocardial infarction, or an artificial heart valve

anticoagulant drugs

anti-

against

coagul/o-

clotting

-ant

pertaining to

treat hypertension

antihypertensive drugs

prevents heart attacks; prevents blood cloths from forming by keeping platelets from sticking together

aspirin

treat angina pectoris and hypertension; decrease the heart rate and dilate the arteries by block B receptors

beta-blocker drugs

treat angina pectoris and hypertension; block the movement of Na ions into myocardial cells and smooth muscle cells of the artery walls, causing the heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

calcium channel blocker drugs

treat congestive heart failure; decrease heart rate and strengthen heart's contractions

digitalis drugs

block sodium from being absorbed from the tubule back into the blood

diuretic drugs

treat a nonbeating heart by stimulating it to contract

drugs for cardiac arrest

treat hypercholesterolemia

drugs for hyperlipidemia

treat angina pectoris; dilate veins to decrease amount of work that the heart must due and dilate arteries to decrease blood pressure

nitrate drugs

treat a blood clot that is blocking blood flow through an artery

thrombolytic drugs

lyt/o-

break down; destroy

AAA

abdominal aortic aneurysm

ACE

angiotension-converting enzyme

ACS

acute coronary syndrome

AED

automatic external defibrillator

aortic insufficiency; apical impulse

AICD

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator; automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

AMI

acute myocardial infarction

aortic stenosis

ASCVD

arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease

ASD

atrial septal defect

ASHD

arteriosclerotic heart disease

atrioventricular

blood pressure

BPM, bpm

beats per minute

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

CAD

coronary artery disease

CCU

coronary care unit

CHF

congestive heart failure

CK-MB

creatine kinase-MB

CPK-MB

creatine phosphokinase-MB

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CRP

C-reactive protein

cardiovascular

DSA

digital subtraction angiography

ECG/EKG

electrocardiography; electrocardiogram

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

HTN

hypertension

JVD

jugular venous distention

left atrium

LBBB

left bundle branch block

LDH

lactic dehydrogenase

LDL

low-density lipoprotein

left ventricle

LVAD

left ventricular assist device

LVH

left ventricular hypertrophy

myocardial infarction

mm HG

millimeters of mercury

mitral regurgitation

MUGA

multiple-gated acquisition scan

MVP

mitral valve prolapse

NSR

normal sinus rhythm

pulse (rate)

PAC

premature atrial contraction

PAD

peripheral artery disease

PCI

percutaneous coronary intervention

PDA

patent ductus arteriosus

PMI

point of maximum impulse

PTCA

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PVC

premature ventricular contraction

PVD

peripheral vascular disease

right atrium

RBBB

right bundle branch block

RFA

radiofrequency ablation

RNV

radionuclide ventriculography

first heart sound

second heart sound

third heart sound

fourth heart sound

sinoatrial

SBE

subacute bacterial endocarditis

SPECT

single-photon emission computerized tomography

SVT

supraventricular tachycardia

TEE

transesophageal echocardiography; transesophageal echocardiogram

TPR

temperature, pulse, and respiration

V fib

ventricular fibrillation

VLDL

very-low density lipoprotein

VSD

ventricular septal defect

V tach

ventricular tachycardia