Test 2: Inflammation

Question 1

What are 4 effects of inflammation?

Answer 1

• increase in temp= calor
• redness= rubor
• swelling= tumor
• pain= dolor

Question 2

What are the mediators in response to bacterial infection?

Answer 2

histamine, PG, TNFa

Question 3

What do mediators do in acute inflammatory response?

Answer 3

mediators increased capillary permeability leading to influx of plasma proteins and phagocytic cells, contributing to swelling, redness, heat and pain

Question 4

How are cytokines produced and by what?

Answer 4

Cytokines produced by innate cells upon interaction with infectious agents and activate/mobilize other cells

Question 5

What are the cytokine effects on vascular endothelium?

Answer 5

endothelial wall gains new adhesion proteins specific for interactions with leukocytes (ex: selecting, integrin ligands)

Question 6

What activate the complement and opsonization in the liver?

Answer 6

TNFa, IL1, IL6

Question 7

What cause decreased viral and bacterial replication in hypothalamus, fat, and muscle?

Answer 7

IL1, TNFa by increasing body temperature which inhibits enzyme activity involved in protein synthesis and DNA/RNA replication

Question 8

What is the first step of leukocytes getting recruited to sites of infection?

Answer 8

I- Rolling
up regulation of adhesion molecules (selection, integrins)
- selectins roll on wall and crawl through vessel walls

Question 9

What is the second step of recruitment of leukocytes?

Answer 9

II- integrin activation by chemokine

Question 10

What is the third step of recruitment of leukocytes?

Answer 10

III- stable adhesion

Question 11

What is the fourth step of recruitment of leukocytes?

Answer 11

IV- Migration through endothelium

Question 12

What are the liver plasma proteins?

Answer 12

SAP, CRP, MBL
- all function as opsonin which target microbes for phagocytosis

Question 13

What are molecules coating microbe surface to target for phagocytosis?

Answer 13

opsonin

Question 14

What is the process of marking microbe for ingestion?

Answer 14

opsonization

Question 15

What is the order of opsonins bind to microbe and phagocyte receptor?

Answer 15

opsonins simultaneously bind to microbe and phagocyte receptor which then activate complement

Question 16

How does the activation of complement system work?

Answer 16

all paths lead to cleave of C3 by C3 convertase into C3b=opsonin and C3a=anaphylatoxin

Question 17

What is C3a and C3b for?

Answer 17

C3b=opsonin which is for opsoninization and phagocytosis and C3a=anaphylatoxin which is for inflammation

Question 18

What are the local inflammatory responses that C3a and C3b induce?

Answer 18

• increased vascular permeability
• increased microbicidal activity

Question 19

What do phagocytes do?

Answer 19

• ingest microbes which then involves killing of microbes and processing of antigens
• definition: process of ingestion of opsonin-coated or receptor-bound microbes

Question 20

What is the oxidative or respiratory burst?

Answer 20

generation of O2 and reactive oxygen species that are toxic for ingested microbes

• how microbes are killed once phagocytosed in phagolysosome

Question 21

What does pus tell us in the oral cavity?

Answer 21

dying neutrophil

Question 22

How do neutrophil extracellular traps work?

Answer 22

• high local concentration of antimicrobial components that kill microbes extracellulary

Question 23

How do innate cells mediate inflammation identified by swelling, redness, heat, and pain upon infection?

Answer 23

they produce molecules that recruit cells/proteins to the site

Question 24

How do cells at site of infection alert other innate cells of the immune response?

Answer 24

cytokines attract and activate cells or induce cellular processes

Question 25

What cells are found at inflamed site?

Answer 25

neutrophils and monocytes

Question 26

Describe the 1 step of recruitment of leukocytes (rolling step)

Answer 26

- macrophages responding to toll like receptor by binding to a receptor on the surface of the bacteria - cytokines like TNF and IL-1 will be produced - this will stimulate endothelial cells to up regulate adhesion molecules such as selection and integrin that binds with low affinity - LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 while VLA-4 binds to VCAM1

Question 27

What is the classical pathway for activating complement?

Answer 27

CRP-SAP

Question 28

What is the lectin pathway for activating complement?

Answer 28

MBL

Question 29

Of the cells listed, which kills microbes and which processes antigens? a. neutrophil b. macrophage c. dendritic cell

Answer 29

neutrophil and macrophage= kill microbes dendritic cell= process antigen

Question 30

Other than the phagocyte oxidase system, what is another free radical generating system to kill an ingested microbe?

Answer 30

generation of NO - No and reactive oxygen species together can generate reactive peroxynitrate radicals that are even more toxic