Test 2. Lecture 5-9 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Who were the Macedonians?
A
The Macedonians were a mainly Northern rural people organized into clans rather than city-states, who the Greeks regarded as barbaric.
2
Q
What did the Macedonians do in the 4th-century B.C.E?
A
They united under the strong leadership of King Philip II and his powerful army and became the strongest power in the Greek world.
3
Q
*Who was Philip II?
A
the 4th century B.C.E. Macedonian King and father of Alexander the Great, most famous for building up the Macedonian Army which subsequently enabled his son to conquer much of the known world.
4
Q
What did Philip accomplish in 338 B.C.E?
A
Philip’s army defeated Athens and the other Greek city-states, and strongly urged them to unite behind him in a national war against Persia.
5
Q
What prevented Philip from undertaking the war on Persia?
A
He was assassinated.
6
Q
^When was Alexander the Great’s reign?
A
(336 B.C. E.– 323 B.C.E.)
7
Q
*Who was Alexander the Great?
A
the famous 4th century B.C.E. Macedonian king and general who is known as “the Great” because of his extensive military success’ (i.e.: reached Northern India) in so little time.
8
Q
Who was Alexander a student of?
A
He was a young student of Aristotle who instilled in him a love of things Greek (i.e.: Homeric literature).
9
Q
What was his character?
A
He was a charismatic military leader, who would throw himself into the heart of the action and/or danger.
10
Q
When did Alexander become the Macedonian king and what did he have in common with his father?
A
Alexander became king at 20 years old in 336 B.C.E. Like his father before him, he recognized that a crusade/war against Persia could unite the Greeks in a common cause.
11
Q
What did Alexander do in 334 B.C.E?
A
He invaded the Persian Empire with 37,000 troops and 5,000 cavalry.
12
Q
By 332 B.C.E what places had Alexander conquered?
A
Syria, Palestine, parts of Persia (Iran), and Egypt, where he was proclaimed a pharaoh.
13
Q
*What was Phalanx?
A
The Ancient Greek rectangular military formation of infantry armed with overlapping shields and long spears
used by Alexander the Great. (one of his most successful military strategies).
14
Q
By Alexander’s death a decade later (323 B.C.E) what had he accomplished?
A
He had conquered all of Persia (where he took the title
of Persian king and married Darius III’ daughter), Pakistan, and Northern India.
15
Q
How did Alexander get to India?
A
Alexander took a difficult route- the Hindu Kush, a highly elevated narrow passage, which his Army was required to pass in single file for 10 miles.
16
Q
Overall what was Alexander like and what did he accomlish?
A
Alexander was a superb military leader who won all of his battles, he conquered the Persian Empire, he founded 16 “Alexandrias”, and his conquests extended Greek/Hellenistic culture across the Near East in the hopes of creating one great empire he desired.
He greatly inspired future conquerors like Caesar and Napoleon.
17
Q
When was Hellenistic Greece?
A
(323 B.C.E.-150 B.C.E.)
18
Q
What happened shortly after Alexander’s death?
A
His Greek empire was disintegrated in 323 B.CE and was
divided into four kingdoms ruled by his former officers (ie: Egypt -> General Ptolemy).
Internal war continued to divide the Hellenistic world
19
Q
What brings the end of the Hellenistic period?
A
It came to an end when the Greek world was conquered by Rome in the middle of the 2nd-century B.C.E.
20
Q
Lecture 6:
A
Republican Rome
21
Q
What legacy did Rome leave on the Western world?
A
Architecture (ie: domed structures such as White House, roads, bridges, archways,
- Political Institutions (ie: Senate in many nations, including Canada & U.S.A)
- Legal system (ie: principle of universality, everyone = under the law)
- Languages (ie: Latin is the linguistic ancestor of French, Spanish, Italian, English)
- Fashion (ie: many men still keep their hair short, while women long)
22
Q
What does legend say about how and when was founded?
A
Legend holds it was founded by the twin brothers Remus and Romulus (sons of Ares) in 753 B.C.E. (No one knows for certain when was founded).
23
Q
Who were the Romans ruled by from 625 to 509 B.C.E?
A
Etruscans: an advanced people from central and northern Italy, ruled by kings under a loose federation.
24
Q
^What two periods is Rome generally divided into?
A
Republican - 509-31 B.C.E
Empire - 27B.C.E.-476C.E
25
What did the Romans do in 509 B.C.E?
They successfully revolted against Etruscan rule and established a Republic, which was essentially a confederation of states under a central authority.
26
*The Republican government was mixed and consisted of:?
~2 consuls or magistrates who held imperium or supreme mil & civilian power
- elected annually by male citizens
- represents executive branch or monarchical element
~Senate, or advisory council
- Consisted of 300 (later as many as 800 patricians) appointed for life
- Senators were appointed by Consuls, (many were former consuls)
- Made major decisions regarding war, finance, etc.
- Represents legislative branch & aristocratic element.
~Assembly of Centuries, which elected Consuls
- proposed laws which had to be approved by Senate represented the democratic element.
~Assembly of Tribes, which represented all citizens and the democratic element
27
The history of Republican Rome was marked by bitter social struggles between who?
The patricians and plebeians
28
*Who are the Patricians?
the aristocratic landowning minority in Roman society
29
*Who are the Plebeians?
the common citizen majority in Roman society, excluded from public office
30
*What was the third social class in Republican Rome?
Slaves – were at the very bottom of society, and constituted about 20% of the Roman population, and included prisoners of war, their children, and condemned criminals.
31
What did the writings of Cado the Elder say about slave conditions?
He said they were horrible and that it was cheaper to work slaves to death, and then have to replace them, than to treat them well.
32
How were the three social classes and where you belonged chosen?
Law, not tradition. (Plebeians did gain some concessions from the governing patrician class).
33
*What were the Twelve Tables?
(450B.C.E.) - the first written compilation of Roman law binding on both patricians and plebeians that carried strict punishments for theft, debt, and other crimes
34
What did Rome remain despite this advancement?
The Roman Republic did not become a democracy, but
| remained an aristocratic Republic.
35
When was the territorial expansion of Republican Rome?
(3RD -2ND C. B.C.E.)
36
What was the first stage (one of three) in which Rome’s Mediterranean empire was built? How did they accomplish it?
1) The Conquest of Italy, after 300 B.C.E. once it built up its mighty Army.
The Roman Army was the major reason for the Roman conquest of Italy
The heavily armoured (ie: helmet, breastplate, shield, sword, long spear, etc.) and well-disciplined Roman Army was the glue that held the Empire together.
By 265 B.C.E., Rome was the master of the entire Italian peninsula from the Po Valley to the toe
or boot.
37
*What was the second stage in which Rome’s Mediterranean empire was built?
2)* Conquest of -Carthage – a prosperous North African kingdom, and Rome’s first enemy outside Italy, which was ultimately conquered by Rome in the Punic Wars.
38
When was the First Punic War and what were they?
(264-241 B.C.E)
- First of the 3 major wars between Romans and Carthaginians which erupted over Sicily.
- Ended with Roman conquest of Sicily, which became the first Roman province (241B.C.E.)
- Shortly thereafter, Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica (2nd province, 238 B.C.E.)
39
When was the Second Punic War?
(218-201 B.C.E)
40
*Who was Hannibal?
Hannibal- the Carthaginian general who invaded
and occupied Italy for 15 years during the Second Punic War, and famous for his use of elephants as battle tanks.
The army of Carthage was led by him.
41
*What was the Battle of Cannae?
Battle of Cannae-The major battle (216 B.C.E.) of the Second Punic War in which Hannibal’s
Carthaginians defeated a much larger Roman Army, which lost an estimated 50,000
soldiers, and constituted one of the worst military defeats in Roman History.
The most famous and disastrous battle fought during the conflict
42
What did Hannibal fail to do?
Hannibal occupied Italy for 15 years, he failed to capture Rome itself
43
What happened in 203 B.C.E for Hannibal?
Hannibal was called back to Carthage to defend his homeland from Roman General Scipio in Spain, and was defeated by Rome at the Battle of Zama (202 B.C.E).
Carthage was forced to surrender Spain to Rome and to pay huge war reparations.
44
When was the Third Punic War?
(149-146 B.C.E)
45
What happened in this final conflict?
Rome resolved to demolish Cartage.
- Roman Senator Marcus Cato (the Elder) urged a total war against Carthage – “Carthage she must be destroyed.”
- Rome besieged Carthage with catapults and destroyed much of the city.
46
What happened by 146 B.C.E?
Rome conquered Carthage which became the Roman province of Africa.
47
In short, what did the Punic Wars do?
The Punic Wars made the Romans the rulers of the Western Mediterranean.
48
What was the third stage in which Rome’s Mediterranean empire was built?
Conquest of the Hellenic East (2nd c. B.C.E.)
49
What did Rome do once Carthage was defeated?
Rome defeated Macedonia (who had supported Carthage),
| which became a Roman province in 146 B.C.E.
49
What did Rome do once Carthage was defeated?
Rome defeated Macedonia (who had supported Carthage),
| which became a Roman province in 146 B.C.E.
50
What did Rome gain during this time?
Rome gained another new province and Greece’s lucrative Asian trade network.
-Thus, by the end of the 2nd-century B.C.E, the Mediterranean was a Roman lake.
51
What years was the fall of the Roman Republic?
(133-31 B.C.E).
| the Republic was in crisis in these times.
52
What was the last century B.C.E like?
It was a period of great political and socio-economic turmoil in Roman history.
53
What was the first factor that led to the fall of the Roman Republic?
1) Social and Political Problems surrounding the failure of land reform.
Small plebeian farmers, who constituted the backbone of the Roman state were in decline (Punic Wars had damaged some land, and some farmers had been
conscripted for 2-6 years).
Many farmers were forced to sell their land to wealthy landowners who ran large estates known as latifundia.
54
*What was a latifundia?
latifundia- large Roman land estates owned by Patricians
which were worked by slave and tenant labour and concentrated on cash crops (ie: grapes, olives) and reduced the number of small farmers.
55
What did the Gracchus brothers do and what did it cause?
They proposed the defeat of land reform. This increased class tensions, as both reformers were killed by senators, who owned latifundia, and opposed any redistribution of land.
56
*Who was Tiberius Gracchus?
Tiberius Gracchus – the progressive 2nd c B.C.E. Roman tribune most famous for his agrarian land reform proposals which ended in failure and the loss of his own life and that of his followers.
57
What did his brother Gaius Gracchus do?
Gaius Gracchus also proposed the creation of new farms for the landless out of public lands owned by the State, but under the control of the Patrician nobility and met the same fate in 121 B.C.E.(had a servant cut his throat instead of being captured, but about 3000 of his followers were killed)
58
Overall, what did these land reforms do?
They pitted the poor against the Patrician elite and raised the threat of civil war.
59
What was the second factor which led to the fall of the Roman Republic?
Problems with the Germanic tribes on the Northern fringes of the Empire.
60
*Who were the Teutons?
Teutons – Northern German tribe who passed through Gaul and attacked Italy during the late 2nd c B.C.E. who were eventually defeated by Gaius Marius.
61
What was the third factor which led to the fall of the Roman Republic?
Slave Revolts such as the Third Servile War (73-71 B.C.E.) further illustrate the political instability of the late Republican period. At this time, about 1 out of every 3 people living in Italy was a slave, and the entire Roman social order was dependent on slavery. The Slave revolt organized by Spartacus was the Patrician Senate’s worse nightmare, and it took exhaustive military resources to suppress it.
62
*Who was Spartacus?
Spartacus – the Thracian-born slave leader of a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic (73-71B.C.E.) who died in battle along with many of his followers, 6000 of whom were later crucified by the Romans.
63
What was the fourth factor which led to the fall of the Roman Republic?
Civil War and Strife resulting from rival generals fighting to obtain and maintain political power further weakened the Republic.
64
What were the last fifty years of the Republic marked by?
The jostling of power by powerful individuals and the civil wars generated by their conflicts.
65
One of the most famous power struggles between which two people?
Pompey and Caesar.
66
Who was Pompey and what did the senate try to do and how did Pompey respond?
Pompey was a distinguished Roman General who won the final victories over the massive slave revolt led by Spartacus in 71 B.C.E. The Senate( who constantly feared the return of a strong monarch) tried to
check Pompey’s power. He responded by entering into an alliance with two of his most powerful rivals – Caesar and Marcus Crassus – known as the First Triumvirate, to rule
Rome.
67
What happened after the death of Crassus in battle?
The First Triumvirate dissolved and left
| the Republic divided.
68
What did the senate demand Caesar to do and what was his response?
The Senate demanded that Caesar surrender his command. Caesar responded by leading his troops to Rome and was enthusiastically received by the people of Italy.
69
What did Caser do in 48 B.C.E?
He defeated Pompey in Greece and the Senate and effectively became the ruler of Rome. Although. Caesar maintained Republican institutions, but he was in practice, a king.
70
How did Caesar make many political enemies?
He treated the Senate as a mere advisory body,
cancelled debts, packed the Senate with many of his supporters, including non-Italians,
and extended Roman citizenship to non-Romans
71
*Who was Julius Caesar?
Julius Caesar – the prominent late Roman Republican statesman and general who was assassinated in 44B.C.E. by patrician senators who feared his growing power and
popularity, and opposed his progressive policies.
72
When was his brutal assassination (stabbed over 20 times by Brutus, Cassius) and what followed it?
It happened on March 14, 44 BC (Ides of March) and was followed by months of bloody civil war. The Republic tumble into chaos, with mass riots and political rivals trying
to fill the vacuum. Following his death, a new conflict emerged between Octavian, Caesar’s nephew
and chosen heir and Mark Anthony, a gifted Roman general.
73
*What was the Battle of Actium?
Battle of Actium- the decisive naval battle in Greece in 31B.C.E. in which Octavian defeated his arch-rival Mark Anthony and his lover Cleopatra and emerged the master of the Roman world.
74
Lecture 7
AUGUSTAN AGE AND ROMAN SOCIETY
75
*Who is Augustus?
the 1st emperor of Rome whose reign (27 B.C.E. – 14 C.E.) was marked by an increased centralization of political
power, which greatly weakened the Senate.
-The creation of the Roman Empire coincided with his reign.
76
When did Octavian take the name of Augustus and became the first emperor of Rome?
27 B.C.E.
77
What did Augustus keep and change during his reign and what did that lead to?
He retained certain Republican institutions such as the Senate, and he instituted a sort of absolute monarchy or one-man rule, in which the highest offices were concentrated in his own person, including supreme commander of the Roman Army.
His reign greatly weakened the power of the aristocratic Senate.
78
*When was his reign?
His 40 year reign (27 B.C.E. – 14 C.E.)
79
* What is Pax Romana?
Pax Romana - a 200-year period of Roman peace started under Augustus during which the Roman economy and standard of living generally flourished.
80
*What were the Gladiatorial Games?
Gladiatorial Games - Roman government-financed spectacles, often held in the Colosseum featuring exotic beasts and gladiatorial combats to amuse and distract the plebeian masses.
81
What did Augustus achieveine during his 40 year reign?
- Pax Romana.
- He financed the Gladiatorial Games .
- He reformed the army by increasing salaries and granting land bonuses to veterans.
- He built temples, bridges, aqueducts, and other public works, and beautified Rome and other Italian cities.
- He reduced high taxation and administrative corruption in the provinces.
- Creation of a hereditary office we refer to as Emperor of Rome.
- Creation of the Praetorian Guard (an elite group of guards) that protected the Emperor and often determined imperial succession.
- He created a Police force to maintain law and order and a Fire Department.
- He subdued Spanish revolts and brought Spain under Roman control.
82
What did Augustus think the future prosperity of the Roman Empire depended on and was he succesful?
On the expansion of its borders, and Germania became a major target for imperial territorial expansion. Although Augustus expanded the borders of the Roman Empire, his attempted conquest of Germania was not successful, despite the enormous deployment of resources.
83
Roman culture and society was similar to whos? When and why?
The Ancient Greeks. By the end of the 3rd century they were heavily influenced by Greek culture as a Greek ambassadors, and travelling merchants and artists. The influx of Greek culture increased following the Roman conquest of Greece in the mid 2nd century B.C.E.
84
What was shipped to Rome by the Roman military?
Greek artworks, manuscripts, and educated Greek slaves.
85
What did healty Romans do for their sons?
They hired Greek tutors, and sent their sons to study in Athens.
86
How were the Romans similar to the Greeks?
Like the Greeks, the Romans were polytheistic (until the early 4th century C.E). and worshipped a pantheon of gods, including Jupiter (Zeus), Juno (Hera), and Mars (Ares).
- Like the Greeks, the Romans built temples, sung hymns, and practiced animal sacrifices, and games, which were considered religious festivals.
87
What was the central unit of Roman society and who were they headed by?
Family. Headed by the paterfamilias – or dominant male.
88
*What was an atrium?
atrium - the central reception room in a Roman house,
leading off into other rooms.
-The most important room.
89
*What was an impluvium?
The interior of the atrium featured an- impluvium – the sunken part or pool within a Roman atrium into which rain water fell from the compluvium of the roof, usually made of marble.
90
*What was a lectus?
```
- The most common furniture form held by the Patrician class was the - lectus – the Roman
daybed used for sleeping, eating and socializing.
```
91
What did most Romans live in?
Rented tower block accommodations – small cellular type
| apartments, heaped one on top of the other.
92
Lecture 8
The Development and Triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire
93
When and where did Christianity emerge out of Judaism?
In the 1st century C.E. in Judea.
94
Who was the founder of Christianity?
Its founder was Jesus of Nazareth, a Jewish prophet, who was condemned to death by Pontius Pilate, the governor of the Roman province of Judea/Palestine.
95
Why did Jesus arouse controversy?
Because the Hebrew population at this time was diverse (ie: there were different Jewish splinter groups such as the Sadduces, Zealots, etc), and his message of brotherly
love and forgiveness was revolutionary, and went against the Ancient World outlook of an “eye for an eye.” In short, Jesus was a Jewish reformer.
96
What was Jesus' greatest controversy?
his positive ethical message/guideline of human behaviour of doing good –“Do onto others as you would have them do onto you.”
97
What did Jesus do upon his death?
He made no attempt to escape from Jerusalem and embrace death as a fulfillment of divine
prophetic law.
98
Why did Christianity spread after the crucifixion of Jesus?
Because his followers proclaimed that he overcame death, was resurrected, and ascended into heaven.
99
*Who was Paul of Tarsus?
The most important figure in early Christianity was -Paul of Tarsus - (5 C.E. – 67 C.E.), who
travelled across the Middle East to non-Jews and preached that Jesus was/is a saviour-god
through whom eternal life is possible.
100
Why were the early Christians persecuted by the Romans?
a. They refused to honour and sacrifice to the Roman gods (polytheistic).
b. They refused to worship the Emperor (Imperial Cult).
c. They (Christians) practiced Eucharistic celebrations (masses) in a secretive manner in
underground catacombs.
101
How did Christianity develop through the years?
Christianity grew slowly in the first century, took root in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and recognized/legitimized in the 4th century C.E.
102
What year was Christianity legalized in the Roman Empire and by who?
In 313, by Emperor Constantine
103
*Who was Constantine?
The early 4th century Roman emperor who legalized Christianity within the Roman Empire through the Edict of Milan.
104
*What was the Edict of Milan?
Edict of Milan- the early 4thcentury (313) Roman legislation issued by Emperor Constantine which granted Christians the freedom to openly practice their religion, throughout the Roman Empire, and led to a church-building boom.
105
What did Constantine do to end the debate regarding Jesus' true nature(whether he was more divine or human)?
Constantine organized a Council of 200 Bishops at Nicea, Turkey (325), which produced the Nicene Creed which confirmed the Holy Trinity (that God = Jesus = Holy Spirit).
106
*Who was Theodosius I?
In 392, Christianity was elevated to the official state religion of the Roman Empire by -Theodosius I – the late 4th century Roman emperor who made Christianity the official state
religion in the Roman Empire, and outlawed the worship of the polytheistic pagan gods.
107
When could you be persecuted for being and then for not being Christian?
You could be persecuted in the Roman Empire in the early 4th century (pre-313) if you were Christian, you could be persecuted at the end of the same century (392-) if you were not Christian.
108
Lecture 9
The Decline and Collapse of the Roman Empire
109
When did the Roman Empire begin to decline?
Following the Pax Romana (27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.)
110
What was the 3rd century marked by in the Roman Empire?
Natural disaster, political instability, and barbarian invasions.
111
How did these three weaken the empire?
-Firstly, recurring plague reduced the population of the Roman Empire by as much as one-third during the 3rd century. This population decline negatively affected the Roman economy (when at one point gold coinage
was replaced by barter) and recruitment to the Roman Army, leaving the Roman Empire weaker.
-Secondly, political instability also harmed the Roman Empire: Between 235 –284 (mid 3rd century), Rome had 22 different emperors, most of whom died violently.
During this very chaotic period, Imperial succession to power was still determined by the sword, and emperors remained too dependent on the Roman Army.
-Thirdly, Barbarian invasions also weakened the Roman Empire. The barbarians were the Germanic tribes who spoke neither Latin nor Greek and lived outside
the Roman Empire.
112
Where did the Goths and Franks attack?
While the Goths attacked Greece and Asia Minor, the Franks attacked Gaul and Spain.
113
When were these Roman territories restored and when were they taken again?
They were restored during the reign of Emperor Aurelian (270 –275), the barbarians returned to attack and defeat the Roman Empire in the 5th century.
114
When and why did the Roman Empire split apart?
By the late 4th century/early 5th century (395), the Roman Empire had split apart because it had grown too large for one sole Emperor (based in Rome) to govern effectively.
115
Who collapsed while the Eastern (or Byzantine) Empire flourished?
The Western Roman Empire collapsed as a
| result of a series of barbarian invasions.
116
When did the Visigoths led by King Alaric sack Rome for three days?
In 410.
117
*Who was Alaric?
Alaric – the 5th c Visigoth king and first Germanic leader to capture Rome in 410, marking the decline of Roman Imperial power in the West.
118
What did the fall and capture do to Rome?
Although temporary, this decisive fall of Rome for the first time since its founding confirmed the weakened state of the Western Roman Empire
119
When and what did the reign of Emperor Valentinian III do to Rome?
The reign of Emperor Valentinian III (425 – 455) was especially devastatingly and marked the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire. Rome lost control of Spain, Africa, Gaul, and Britain
120
*Who were the vandals?
In 455, Rome itself fell (again) for two weeks to the -Vandals – a ferocious Germanic barbaric tribe who invaded and sacked Rome in 455, and who left their name to the term vandalism.
121
What did Roman Emperor Romulus Augustulus do in 476?
In 476, the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustulus surrendered the Western Roman Empire to the Germanic barbaric chieftain Odoacer, and a series of Germanic kingdoms replaced the Roman Empire in the west
122
Overall, what did the barbarians do to Rome?
In short, the barbarians defeated Rome and carved kingdoms out of the Roman provinces, which
formed the basis of early Medieval Europe.
