Test 2 Lecture October 10

Question 1

Philip II: Brief Review: what did he inherit

Answer 1

Inherits all of his father’s (Charles I) possessions except those linked to the Holy Roman Empire

Question 2

who was the main threat for Phillip II

Answer 2

France continues to be seen as the main threat – The alliance with England collapses after the death of his wife, Queen Mary I of England

Question 3

what were the main strategic areas for fighting under Phillip II

Answer 3

The Low Countries and Northern Italy become the main strategic areas in the fight for political and religious supremacy in Europe – A huge part of the Royal Treasury resources are used to this end

Question 4

Philip II becomes King of Portugal in 1578 after the death of Sebastian I - The dynastic union between Spain and Portugal places the Iberian Peninsula where

Answer 4

again under one king and creates one of the world’s biggest empires

Question 5

The need to administer such a vast empire and to affirm the supremacy of the Spanish Crown over both the Church and the high Nobility led to the creation of what (Under Phillip II)

Answer 5

Madrid as the empire capital

Question 6

The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial is built where and why is it important (Phillip II)

Answer 6

north of Madrid as the most important religious and political symbol of the Spanish Monarchy

Question 7

Phillip II’s reign is marked by what

Answer 7

huge military victories (St Quentin, Lepanto) and defeats (the invasion of England)

Question 8

what happened with the spanish inquisition under Phillip II

Answer 8

institutionalized – Through it, the Spanish Monarchy is able to control political and ideological dissent

Question 9

what was Philip III (1578-1621) nickname

Answer 9

the Pious

Question 10

what did Philip III inherit

Answer 10

Inherits all of his father’s possessions including Portugal - Becomes King in 1598

Question 11

define valido

Answer 11

favourite

Question 12

who becomes Phillip III’s valido

Answer 12

The Duke of Lerma

Question 13

who did Phillip III expel

Answer 13

Expulsion of the moriscos (former Muslim’s who had converted to Christianity, but who lived separately in their own towns, especially in Southern Spain)

Question 14

why were the moriscos expelled

Answer 14

Rebellion
Fear
profit and Dogmatism

Question 15

what was the rebellion that contributed o the expulsion of the moriscos

Answer 15

A rebellion of this segment of the population took place in 1568-1571 (Rebellion of the Alpujarras) - [against the attempt at limiting Morisco practices: language, clothing, public baths, religious ceremonies, etc.]

Question 16

what was the fear that contributed o the expulsion of the moriscos

Answer 16

Fear of the expansion of the Ottoman empire and a possible collaboration with Muslim forces – Remember: the Battle of Lepanto took place in 1571

Question 17

what was the profit and Dogmatism that contributed o the expulsion of the moriscos

Answer 17

The Duke of Lerma, Phillip III’s favorite, and the Queen were the main architects of the expulsion – Lerma had to gain financially – The Queen did so based on the religious ideals of a purely Catholic Spain

Question 18

what were the consequences of the expulsion of moriscos

Answer 18

In 1609, about 270,000 ”moriscos” were expelled – around 3-4% of the Spanish total population – Disastrous economic consequences – It is estimated that around 30,000to 90,000 were able to return

Question 19

what was the conflict with england and the dutch under Phillip III

Answer 19

Conflict with England and the Dutch (followed by a truce in 1604 and 1609 that lasted until 1618) – Spain enters the 30-years War (1618-1648)

Question 20

what was Phillip III Initial attempts at reforming the tax structure and the economy

Answer 20

Castile carried 65% of total imperial costs by 1616 and provides most of the men

Question 21

how did Phillip III

Transform the country and his court

Answer 21

Transformation of the Royal Court in Madrid into a European cultural hub – Start of the Royal Collection that would eventually lead to the Creation of the Prado Museum

Question 22

what was Phillip IV (1605-1665), nickname

Answer 22

the planet king

Question 23

who came after Phillip III

Answer 23

Phillip IV (fourth)

Question 24

who was Phillip IV’s valido

Answer 24

The Count Duke of Olivares (of a family opposed to that of Lerma) becomes the King’s valido (favorite)

Question 25

did Phillip IV have his country participate in the 30-years war? did they do well

Answer 25

Full Spanish involvement in the 30-years War – Early victories— France declares open war in 1635 -Spain’s early successes were offset

Question 26

what were Phillip IV's Attempts at reform

Answer 26

Need to identify the problems of the kingdom” (loss of population, decadence of agriculture, inflation, epidemies, lack of industry, etc)

Question 27

explain Phillip IV and The “Arms Union”

Answer 27

Attempt at raising revenue and increase the participation of other territories in the Royal Armies led to rebellion in both Catalonia and Portugal - Independence of Portugal in 1640 under John IV of the House of Bragança – The relationship between both kingdoms fell apart

Question 28

who had a scandalous sex life

Answer 28

Phillip IV

Question 29

explain the Peace of Westfalia and how it impacted Phillip IV's rule

Answer 29

1648 – Peace of Westfalia – Calvinism is recognized – Switzerland and the United Dutch provinces become independent – Spain and the Hapsburg lost influence in Northern Europe – France emerges as the dominant continental power

Question 30

how big was Spain at the end of Phillip IV's rule? Was it the hegemonic power?

Answer 30

On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometers - However, Spain was no longer the hegemonic power in Central Europe

Question 31

What was Charles II's nickname

Answer 31

the bewitched

Question 32

who took over after Phillip IV

Answer 32

Charles II, the Bewitched (1660-1700)

Question 33

why did Charles II become king after Phillip IV

Answer 33

Death of Prince Baltasar Carlos, heir of the Throne, made him King of Spain when he was a child

Question 34

why was Charles II's mother important

Answer 34

His mother, Mariana de Austria, was named Regent – She becomes one of the most powerful women in the history of Spain

Question 35

Charles II and the Results of inbreeding:

Answer 35

Epilepsy, Sterility, and Klinefelter syndrome (25% consanguinity in his genome)

Question 36

Two main “validos” or favorites of Charles II

Answer 36

Duque of Medinacelli/Count of Oropesa

Question 37

was there conflict in the court of Charles II

Answer 37

Multiple internal conflicts at court between the Queen and various advisors/nobiliary families

Question 38

what were the results of Charles II as ruler

Answer 38

Decline of Spanish influence in Europe Continued Spanish patronage of the Arts A Commerce Council was created to promote Spanish industry Rationalization of the State’s expenditures Monetary stability Basis for the Enlightenment Failed marriages – lack of an heir to the throne – War of the Spanish Succession

Question 39

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage:

Answer 39

Administrative growth specialization work ethic/personal limitations political reasons

Question 40

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Administrative growth:

Answer 40

Growth of the Imperial administration makes difficult for the King to understand all the ramifications of the decision process

Question 41

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Specialization:

Answer 41

Many of the issues at hand become so complex that specialized knowledge is required

Question 42

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Work Ethic/Personal limitations:

Answer 42

King Philip II is the last of the Hapsburg Kings who is able to supervise personally the daily functioning of the State – Idea of the King as God’s servant – The following Kings would be much less inclined to do so

Question 43

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Political reasons:

Answer 43

The “validos” shielded the King from the political fallout of adverse events – While they accumulated vast amounts of power, they were also the ones who eventually took the fall

Question 44

explain American Silver, a global Trade Network, and the Imperial Financial Crisis

Answer 44

Limited sources of income? American treasure and taxes from Castile are the main sources of revenue – Other kingdoms are largely exempt from contributing to the Monarchy or do so in a limited manner Precious metals and global trade routes: The “Manila Galleon”: Manila-Acapulco-Veracruz-Seville-(Northern Europe) The ”Potosi” route: Potosí-Lima-Panamá/Cartagena-Seville-(Northern Europe) Huge expenditures: French civil wars, anti-Habsburgh rebellion in the Netherlands, conflict with England, Italian presence Too big to fail? Debt defaults in 1557, 1575, and 1596 -The king was forced to suspend payments to his creditors and renegotiate terms of repayment The destruction of Castile’s economy: War, demographic stagnation, high taxes, and inflation

Question 45

explain The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish: Siglo de Oro, "Golden Century")

Answer 45

is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty and lasting until the second half of the 17th century

Question 46

Renaissance and Humanism: The Spanish Golden Age was cemented on the work of what

Answer 46

the previous generation of intellectuals that were strongly influenced by Renaissance humanism a– Spanish posessions in Italy helped with the cultural transfer of the Italian Renaissance to Spain

Question 47

Empire and Men of Letters: The Spanish empire created what

Answer 47

one of the earliest modern bureaucracies – High demand of people who knew how to read and write – Multiplication of institutions of higher learning – Introduction of the printing press

Question 48

Empire and multiculturalism: Although Spain became the defender of Catholic orthodoxy, the Spanish empire was what

Answer 48

extremely multicultural and multiracial – The encounter among peoples from different parts of the world favored thought and literary creation – Madrid, a highly cosmopolitan city – New forms of entertainment: theater

Question 49

explain Censorship and Literature and the golden age of spanish lit

Answer 49

Censorship had an important impact on the practice of philosophy and theology in Spain - It lead many writers and intellectuals to devote themselves to literature as a ”safer” space

Question 50

Don Quixote and the Rise of the Modern Novel facts

Answer 50

IT WAS PUBLISHED IN 1605 (FIRST PART) AND 1615 (SECOND PART) IT WAS CONCEIVED AS A SATIRE OF THE BOOKS OF CHIVALRY, WHICH WERE VERY POPULAR AT THE TIME DON QUIXOTE IS CONSIDERED THE FIRST MODERN NOVEL AND ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL BOOKS EVER WRITTEN CERVANTES CAME UP WITH THE STORY WHILE HE WAS IN JAIL. A PHONY PART II WAS PUBLISHED AS A HOAX BY AN AUTHOR WHO USED THE PSEUDONYM ALOSNO FERNÁNDEZ DE AVELLANEDA THIS FAKE SEQUEL IS THOUGHT TO HAVE CONVINCED CERVANTES TO FINISH HIS OWN AND “KILL” DON QUIXOTE  DON QUIXOTE HELPED ESTABLISH THE MODERN SPANISH LANGUAGE CERVANTES DREW FROM HIS EXPERIENCES AS A SLAVE TO WRITE THE NOVE.  DON QUIXOTE MIGHT BE THE BEST-SELLING NOVEL OF ALL TIME. CERVANTES DID NOT CONSIDER IT HIS BEST WORK – HE ALSO WROTE OTHER NOVELS AND DRAMAS