test 2 needs renaming Flashcards by AMA Ofosu-Apea

orbital defenition

a region around te nuvcleus that can hold 2 el;ectrons (with opposite spin)

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order of filling

1s/ 2s/2p/3s/3p/ (4s) /3d/4p

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relative atomic mass (RAM) definition

weighted mean mass of an atom of an element to 1/12th of an atom of carbon- 12

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relative isotopic mass (RIM)

the mass of an isotope relative to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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RAM equation

(mass x abundance) + (mass x abundance)/100

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the 3 general reactions of acids

1) Acid + Alkali/base -> salt + water
2) Acid + Carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water
3) acid + metal -> salt+ hydrogen

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nutralisation reaction

H+ +OH- -> H2O

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layers in an electron shell from biggest to smallest

shell-> subshell-> orbital

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how many electrons in an orbital?

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s subshell orbitals and electtrons?

s 1 orbital (2e-)

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p subssell orbitals and electrons

3 orbitals n(6e-)

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d subshell orbitals and electrons?

5 orbitals (10e-)

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f orbitals

7 orbitals (14e-)

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s orbital shape?

sphere

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p orbital shape

dumbell

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complex (kind of looks like a 4 leaf clover)

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isotope definition

atoms with the same number of nutrons but a different number of protons and different masses.

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what is the relative mass of an electron

1/1836

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what are charges and masses of subatomic particles relative to

the proton

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short hand electron arangement

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isotopes of hydrogen

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acid deffenition

H+ proton donor that releases H+ ions in aqueous solution

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what 4 acids do u need to know?

1) hydrochloric acid -> HCL
2)Nitric Acid -> HNO3
3)H2SO4 -> Sulphuric Acid
4)ethanoic acid -> CH3COOH

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alkali definition

soluble basses that release OH- ions in aqueous soloution

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4 alkalis to know

1) sodium hydroxide ->NAOH 2)potassium hydroxide ->KOH 3)amonia->NH3 4)amonia in water (amonium hydroxide)->NH4OH

silver ion?

Ag+ cation

zinc ion?

Zn 2+ cation

what is a polyatomic ion

an ion contyaining 2 or more eleements

amonium ion?

[NH 4] +

nitrite ion?

[NO2] -

nitrate ion?

[NO3]-

sulfite

[SO3]2-

sulfate

[SO4]2-

hydroxide

[OH]-

phosphate

[PO4]3-

carbonate

[CO3]2-

chlorate

[ClO3]-

acetate

[C2H302]-

what is Avogadro's constant

6.02×10²³ mol⁻¹.

STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS DISSOCIATIONS

moles formula with Avogadro's constant ?

Moles= number of particles/ avagadros

moles calculation and steps for solids?

steps 1)calculate moles 2)the ratio 3)mass MASS -------------------------- MOLES I Mr I

what are gasses measured in?

volume

what are the calculations for moles in gasses? AND THE STEPS

volume (cm3) volume (dm3) ------------------------------------------- or -------------------------------- moles I 24, 000(cm3) moles I 24(dm3) I I steps 1)calculate moles 2)the ratio 3)voleme

what is mole of any gas?

24,000 cm3 or 24 dm 3

moles calculations for solutions (aq)?

moles ------------------------ conc. I volume

what is the unit for concentration

mol/dm3

titrations

what is the empirical formulae?

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

steps for emirical formulae

steps 1)mass 2) mass/Ar 3)divide all ratios by the lowest ratio

water of crystalisation

Ideal gas equation and units

pV = nRT P= pressure in pascal (Kpa x 1000= Pa) volume =m3 (dm3-->m3 is ÷ 1000) (cm3 -> m3 is ÷ 1,000,000) n= moles R= gass constant in exam aid (8.3-4 J mol-1 K-1) T= temperature in kalvin (K)

formula for Kalvin

C+ 273=K c= Celsius

formula for celcius

k-273= Celsius k= Kalvin

what is ideal gass?

1 mole of any gas - occupies 24dm3 at room temp and pressure

what temp. is room temp.?

20 degree c or 293k

what is room pressure

101 kpa

how to reduce percentage uncertanty in mass

- use balance that weighs to more decimal places - use a larger mass

use of aqueous barium chloride in quantitative analysis test

-test for sulphate -white precipitate forms

molecular formula deffenition

the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

order of qualatative tests

carbonate sulfate halide

test for carbonate ion

add Acid (H+) e.g HCl fizzing (Co2 released test with lime water) 2H+(aq) + CO₃²⁻ →CO2(g) + H2O Ca(OH)2(aq) +CO2(g) →CaCO3(s)+H2O

test for sulfate ion

add barium chloride soloution (BaCl2) white ppt. forms Ba2+(aq) + SO₄²⁻ →BaSO4 (s)

halide ion test

add AgNO3 (silver nitrate soloution) then NH3 (amonia soloution) observe a ppt. equation Ag+(aq) + X-(aq) → AgX(s)

halide ion test ppt. colour to halide

white Cl- cream Br- yellow I-

amonium ion test

add warm NaOH () sodium hydroxide fizzing (as NH3 gass released) amonia gas turns damp litmus blue coz alkaline NH+4(aq)+OH−(aq) →NH3(g)+H2O(l)

how to speed up rates of reaction

- increase frequency of collisions -so more collisions have energy greater than the activation energy -or lowe activation energy -using a catalyst

how concentration / gas pressure effects rate of reaction in high conc.

-more particles in THE SAME VOLUME -particles are closer together -more frequent collisions - increased rate of reaction

how catalyst work

- increase the rate of reaction without being used up in the OVERALL reaction - allows a reaction to proceed via a diff. reaction pathway with a lower EA

why are catalyst usefull (6)

-benefits for increased sustainability -catalyst increase atom econemy coz less waste -reactions can be used at lower temp. -decrease energy demand -decreased fossil fuels burned --decrease CO2 emissions

negative of catalyst

catalyst can be toxic and enter the environment

what is activation energy

the minimum amount of energy needed for particles to collide sucessfuly for a reaction to occur