Test 2 Packet 1

Question 1

What is a glycemic index? What is glucose’s value?

Answer 1

Indicator of how rapidly glucose levels will rise. 100.

Question 2

What is the Insulin mechanism of release?

Answer 2

Increasing ATP in cell –> inhibition of K+ channel –> depolarization –> extracellular Ca+ enters –> Insulin Release

Question 3

Insulin stimulates what receptors?

Answer 3

Glut 4 receptors

Question 4

What type of receptor is an Insulin receptor?

Answer 4

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

Question 5

Glucagon acts through what pathway?

Answer 5

G-protein coupled receptor –> ATP cyclase –> cAMP dependent kinase

Question 6

What do sulfonylureas do?

Answer 6

Close K+ channels to stimulate Ca+ influx and insulin release

Question 7

Carbohydrate digestion from mouth

Answer 7

Salivary Amylase (Starch–>Maltose), to trisaccaharides, dextrins

Question 8

Carb digestion in duodenum

Answer 8

alpha amylase from pancreas – maltose, trisaccharides, dextrins

Question 9

Carb digestion in small intestine?

Answer 9

Glucoamylase, sucrose isomaltase, trehalase, lactase

Question 10

Sucrose =

Answer 10

Glucose + Fructose

Question 11

Maltose =

Answer 11

Glucose + Glucose

Question 12

Lactose =

Answer 12

Glucose + Galactose

Question 13

Protein at reducing end of glycogen

Answer 13

Glycogenin

Question 14

Two types of branches in glycogen

Answer 14

1-4 and 1-6

Question 15

Creates alternate glycogen chain attachments

Answer 15

Branching Enzyme

Question 16

Glycogen Phosphorylase is a ___ containing enzyme

Answer 16

Pyridoxical phosphate (PLP) / Activated B6

Question 17

Glycogen branches are broken down with _______. _______ activity happens until about 4 residues are left. Then 3 are moved and the final branch glucose is released by _______.

Answer 17

Debranching Enzyme. Phosphorylase. Hydrolysis.

Question 18

Glucagon will inhibit _____ and ______. It will promote ______.

Answer 18

Pyruvate Kinase and Glycogen Synthase. Phosphorylase Kinase.

Question 19

Phosphorylase Kinase is promoted by

Answer 19

P and Ca+

Question 20

Phosphoprotein Phosphotase is promoted by

Answer 20

Insulin

Question 21

Two Enzymes Regulating Glycogen Phosphorylase…

Answer 21

Phosphorylase Kinase (increase) and Phosphoprotein Phosphotase (decrease activity)

Question 22

Two Enzymes regulating Glycogen Synthase…

Answer 22

Glycogen Synthase Kinase (and other kinases…) (Turns Down) , Protein Phosphotase (Turns Up)

Question 23

Glucagon will do what in liver? Muscle?

Answer 23

Liver – Turn off glycogen synthase and turn on glycogen phosphorylase. No Muscle Effect.

Question 24

AMP will do what in liver? Muscle?

Answer 24

Basically no effect in liver. Activates glycogen phosphorylase in muscle.

Question 25

Primary regulator of glycogen stores in liver?

Answer 25

Insulin

Question 26

McArdles Disease Influences?

Answer 26

Glycogen storage of muscles

Question 27

von Gierke's influences?

Answer 27

Glycogen storage of Liver (severe hypoglycemia, high fatty acids, heightened VLDL)

Question 28

Why use gluconeogenesis?

Answer 28

Support serum glucose levels in fasting for cells that can only use Glu

Question 29

Three precursors for glucose?

Answer 29

Glycerol, Lactate, Alanine

Question 30

Pyruvate carboxylate is used for _______. It contains ______.

Answer 30

Pyruvate --> Oxaloacetate. Biotin

Question 31

Where does the energy for gluconeogenesis come from?

Answer 31

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Question 32

Review Slide on Bottom of Page 12

Answer 32

Just a suggestion...

Question 33

Cori/Alanine Cycle?

Answer 33

Release of lactate/alanine by muscle and conversion to glucose by the liver and release into the bloodstream.

Question 34

Why do the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

Answer 34

Ribose for nucleotides and NADPH for fatty acid , cholesterol, and hormone synthesis. Also helps with oxidative radicals.

Question 35

Transketolase is a ________ dependent enzyme.

Answer 35

Thiamine

Question 36

Glucose 6P DH deficiency is exacerbated by...

Answer 36

Antimalarials, Fava Beans, Anti-pyretics, sulfa drugs, infections

Question 37

Major enzyme in fructose metabolism?

Answer 37

Aldolase B

Question 38

Aldolase A is used in what pathway?

Answer 38

Glycolysis

Question 39

Major enzyme in galactose metabolism?

Answer 39

Galactose 1P Urididyltransferase

Question 40

Galactosemia can cause...

Answer 40

Cataracts, Mental Retardation