Test 2 Review Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Anti-arrhythmic and beta-blocker antiarrhythmic are two categories of cardiovascular drugs. What are the other 3 categories?
A
Positive Inotropic Agents
Vasodilators and ACE inhibitors
Aspirin
2
Q
Aspirin is technically a miscellaneous cardiovascular drug. Why is this?
A
It is used as a blood thinner although this is not its primary effect.
3
Q
Cardiovascular drugs don’t just effect the heart, but also the ____________
A
circulatory system
4
Q
What are some responses you can expect when provoking the SYMPATHETIC nervous system?
A
Increase in force of contraction
Increase in blood pressure
increase in heart rate
Construction of all peripheral blood vessels out of the extremedies
Decrease blood flow to non essential tissues and decrease activity of the gastrointestinal tract
5
Q
The Sympathetic Nervous System primes our bodies for “Fight or Flight” mode. What mode does the Parasympathetic Nervous System prepare our bodies for?
A
“Rest and Restore” by doing the exact opposite of what a provoked Sympathetic system will do.
6
Q
To effect the heart rate, which nervous system do we provoke?
A
You can provoke either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous system as long as they are balanced
7
Q
To increase heart rate, you can either increase _________ or decrease ___________
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
8
Q
The Sympathetic Nervous System is also known as the
A
Adrenergic system
9
Q
The Sympathetic System contains which cardiac-function related receptors? There is 4
A
Alpha-1
Alpha-2
Beta-1
Beta-2
10
Q
Which two neurotransmitters does the Sympathetic or Adregeneric system use?
A
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenalin (Norepinephrine)
11
Q
If the neurotransmitter connects with the Alpha-1 or Alpha-2 receptors we get increased Heart Rate. If the NT connects with Beta-1 or Beta-2, what would happen?
A
We see increased Heart Rate but not to the same extent
12
Q
Some Beta receptors are found in the _________
A
bronchioles
13
Q
Do Beta Blocking medications effect the Beta receptors that are located in the bronchioles?
A
yes
14
Q
The Parasympathetic Nervous System is also known as the
A
Cholinergic system
15
Q
Which neurotransmitter does the Parasympathetic or Cholinergic nervous system use?
A
Acetylcholine
16
Q
What are the basic objectives of treatment? (Cardiovascular drugs)
A
Control rhythm disturbance Maintain or increase cardiac output Relieve fluid accumulation Increase oxygenation of blood Ancillary treatment
17
Q
What is the difference between an Arteriolar dilatory and Venodilators?
A
Arteriolar dilator: increase the afterload on the heart
Venodilator: increase the preload on the heart
18
Q
Which cardiovascular drug type helps relieve fluid accumulation?
A
diuretics
19
Q
cardiovascular system is linked closely to ________ function
A
kidney
20
Q
Antiarrhythmic drugs don’t tell the heart how to beat but rather ______
A
Allow the heart to calm down and slow
21
Q
Define supraventricular
A
above the ventricle
22
Q
What is the most common Antiarrhytmic drug we use?
A
Lidocaine
23
Q
Which drug is often used for immediate ventricular tachycardia?
A
lidocaine
24
Q
Why isn’t Lidocaine used as a long term antiarrhythmic drug?
A
it has a very short half life and doesn’t last long
25
In order for proper heart function we need proper balances of what 3 elements?
calcium
sodium
potassium
26
What two Sodium channels are in the heart?
Fast (helps heart muscle contract faster)
| Slow (helps heart muscle contact slower)
27
Lidocaine is a _______ stabilizing drug
membrane
28
Beta Blockers are used for what purpose
to re-establish a rhythm or slow the heart rate
29
Beta Blockers block the Beta receptors in the heart and allow the heart rate to slow down and re-establish rhythm. True or False?
True
30
What two types of Beta Blockers are there? What concerns come with each? (If any)
Selective: targets beta-1 or beta-2
Non-Selective: targets both, but will also block the beta receptors in the bronchioles causing Reflex Broncho-Restriction or a minor cough.
31
What is an important Beta Blocker to know?
"Inderal" or "Atenolol" active drug is Propranolol
32
Why do we start on a low dose of Beta Blockers and gradually increase?
A sudden decrease in dose of Beta Blockers will cause upregultion, all of the Beta receptors are opened at once resulting in an accelerated heart rate which is potentially lethal
33
Positive Inotropic Agents main purpose is to:
increase the strength of contraction in a weakened heart
34
How do Positive Inotropic Agents work?
They make more Calcium available to the contractile proteins in the muscle cell
35
The body has natural positive inotropes called:
catecholamines
36
Positive Inotropic Agents can also be called Adrenerhic or Sympathimimetic. Why?
They mimic the sympathetic system
37
Lanoxin and Cardoxin are brand names for what Positive Inotropic Agent drug?
Digoxin
38
What is the drug of choice for long term positive inotropic effects?
digoxin
39
Vasodilators are used to relieve some of the cardiac workload. How?
Opening constricted sphincters
Decreasing resistance to flow
Making it easier for the heart to pump through the vessels
40
True or false: Reducing the workload on the heart has no long term benefits
False. It means the heart will last longer.
41
The broad term for cardiac disease is:
heart failure
42
Vasoconstriction means _______ blood flow (increase or decrease)
decrease
43
Vasoconstriction causes decreased renal perfusion. The kidney detects this and produces a hormone called _________
Renin
44
Renin combines with ________ which is produced in the liver and creates a substance called ___________
Angiotensinogen
| Angiotensin-1
45
Angiotensin-1 combines with Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) and converts it to Angiotensin-2. What is this system called?
Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin System (RAAS)
46
"Enacard" is an important brand name for what drug? What type of drug is it?
Enalapril, a vasodilator
47
"Vetmedin" (Pimobendan) is technically an ________ because it increases force of contraction and has some dialating effects
Inodilator
48
"Prilium" contains what active drug?
Imidapril hydrochloride
49
Nitroglycerin relaxes the primary blood vessels on the _______ side of the cardiovascular system and helps dilate the coronary arterioles
venous side
50
Aspirin is a brand name for what active drug?
Acetylsalicylic acid
51
Aspirin is a blood thinner. How?
Reduces the aggregation of platelets
52
What is the first clinical sign you'd see when blood thinning is occurring?
Peticiation on gums or easy bruising
53
As a blood clot approaches the vessel bifurcation, the clot becomes occluded into the hind end of the cat and immediately creates inflammation. This is a life threatening condition called:
Saddle Thrombus (cats only)
54
Symptoms of Saddle Thrombus include:
paralysis, pain, lameness, screaming or howling
55
How can the owner help their cat suffering from Saddle Thrombus on the way to the vet?
Give them a baby aspirin to thin the blood
56
Morphine does not work for Saddle Thrombus pain control. Why?
The dose needed to control such a large amount of pain will stop the lungs
57
Urinary system drugs can be used for two reasons: What are they?
Management of renal disease
| Urinary system disorders
58
True or false: Some drugs work by influencing urine production and electrolyte balance whereas some maintain blood pressure and reduce urinalysis system disease
True
59
Before you see signs of kidney disease, what percentage of nephrons are already dead or non functional?
80-90%
60
Once you see signs of kidney disease, it is easy to treat. True or False.
False. There is no reversing kidney damage.
61
The ______ is critical in maintaining blood pressure
kidney
62
What are the four types of renal/urinary drugs?
Diuretics
Blood Pressure Lowering
Urolith treatment
Urinary incontinence
63
Diuretics lower blood pressure by:
making animal excrete water more
64
Urolith treatment drugs do not get rid of crystals but rather they:
Change the pH in the environment of the bladder to disintegrate it
65
True or false: Diuretics mainly increase urine formation and promote water loss from tissues
true
66
"Where _______ goes, water molecules will follow."
Sodium molecules
67
Diuretics block the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions. What purpose does this serve?
Sodium has nowhere to go but out of the kidneys and into the bladder, drawing water with it and therefore flushing it
68
Diuretics is defined as
increased urine production that is provoked
69
What is the strongest type of Diuretics we have?
Loop Diuretics
70
Loop Diuretics work in what two ways:
Prevent reabsorption of Sodium and Potassium from the renal tubules
OR
Enhance the secretion of Sodium and Potassium into the tubules from the loop of Henle
71
Define hypokalemia
decreased potassium in the blood
72
Diuretics increase the secretion of Sodium into the Loop of Henle which excretes out. The body recognizes this quick loss of sodium and makes a last minute switch in the distal convoluted tubule from sodium to _________ because it doesn't draw as much water
potassium
73
Furosemide is the active drug and the most commonly used as a Loop Diuretic. What brand name is it sold under?
Lasix
74
Loop diuretics given orally have an onset of action in ________ minutes whereas parenteral administration has an onset of action in _________
30-60 mins
| 5 mins
75
Furosemide cannot be used in patients with what two conditions?
Hypovolemic (not enough volume in blood system)
| Hypotension (low blood pressure)
76
Mannitol 20% increases blood flow to the _________
renal medulla
77
Glycerin "Osmoglyn" is an example of an Osmotic diuretic. True or false.
True
78
Osmotic Diuretics should not be used in patients with heart failure. why?
because it causes water to move out of cells and into vascular space which causes a circulatory overload
79
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors can cause a metabolic _______
acidosis
80
Caffeine and Theobromide can be considered as which type of renal drug?
Methylxanthines
81
Cholingeric Agonists are primarily used to treat "Spinal Cord Bladder". What does this term mean?
There has been damage to the nerves that control relaxation of the urinary bladder outflow sphincters
82
Although they need it most, which species has a compromised mucociliary clesrance?
equine
83
We want to control the reflex of coughing. Why?
It can cause permanent damage
84
the inside of the nares are called ______ and they are lined with _______ for protection
turbinates
| cilia
85
Respiratory reflexes include what 3 symptoms all with the purpose of expelling foreign particles?
Cough
Sneeze
Reverse Sneeze
86
There are three respiratory therapeutic principles. What are they?
control secretions
control reflexes
maintain normal airflow to alveoli
87
What is the purpose of an Expectorant respiratory drug?
To liquefy and dilute secretions so that they can easily be eliminated
88
Expectorants are used with productive coughs. Why?
Because they liquefy secretions so they can be easily expelled (vs a non productive cough where nothing is being coughed up)
89
Why would we use an Expectorant and not a Cough Suppressant?
You want the animal to cough up any mucus or secretions that are in the way, you don't want to suppress a productive cough
90
What is the risk of using a Cough Suppressant on a Productive cough?
Pushing mucus lower and risking pneumonia
91
What is the example of Expectorant drugs we are focusing on?
"Guaifenesin" active drug is Glyceryl Guaiacolate
92
Guaifenesin is an Expectorant drug. What else is it used for?
As a general anaesthetic in equines or to help maintain a general anaesthetic
93
What does a Mucolytic do?
Breaks up mucus, decreasing the viscosity so that the cilia can clear it out
94
What is the common Mucolytic we use?
"Mucomyst" or "Mucosil-10" active drug is Acetylcysteine
95
Acetylcysteine, a mucolytic, is given via PO or nebuluzation. What does this mean?
You place a mask on the animal that is attached to a motorized machine. The drug is in a reservoir and warmed and vaporized by the machine. It is released through the airways. (Like an inhaler)
96
Acetylcysteine, a mucolytic, is also used commonly for what emergency situation?
As an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity in felines
97
Which category of respiratory drug is designed to reduce swelling in the mucus membranes via vasoconstriction of the nasal blood vessels
Decongestant
98
Propagest or Pro-in are brand names of what active drug? What type of drug is it?
Phenylpropanolamine
| Decongestant
99
Antitussives can be used in what two ways?
Centrally (cough centres)
| Peripherally (sensory nerves)
100
Butorphanok Tartrate is a narcotic we use as an Antitussive. What is it's common brand name?
Torbugesic "Torb"
101
Torbugesic is used for non productive coughs. Why?
It sedated and suppresses the respiratory tract, this is best for chronic and unproductive coughs to prevent damage to respiratory tissues. It is also a pain reliever.
102
In a low dose, Torbugesic becomes a ________ drug while at high doses it becomes a ___________ drug
Antitussive
| Narcotic
103
Dextromethorphan is sold under the brand name Robitussin. It is different than a Antitussive. How?
Antitussives suppress the cough, Dextromethorphan raises the reflex threshold so that the patient does not need to cough
104
Hydrocodone Bitrate is a narcotic used for non productive coughs. True or false.
True
105
Dextromethorphan is a narcotic cough suppressant.
False, it is non narcotic
106
Analeptic is a respiratory stimulant. How does this work?
Acts on the central nervous system to stimulate the respiratory centre of the brain
107
Dopram-V is a brand name for which Respiratory Stimulating drug?
Doxapram Hydrochloride
108
Doxapram Hydrochloride is good in what emergency situation?
After C sections to get neonates to breathe on their own.
109
How is Dopram-V administered to neonates to stimulate breathing?
Sublingual drops
110
How do Antihistamines work?
Blocks the effects of Histamine
111
How is Histamine produced?
After an allergic reaction, Histamine is released from Mast Cells
112
True or False. Antihistamines are given in higher doses after a longer duration of allergic reaction to reverse any Histamine that was released before the patient was seen.
False. Histamine cannot be reversed, only prevented.
113
What is the most important Antihistamine we cover?
"Benadryl" active drug Diphenhydramine
114
What is Bronchidilation via Cholinergic Blockers?
Combined with acetylcholine receptors on the smooth muscle fibres and prevent the bronchoconstricting effects of acetylcholine
115
Ventipulmin is an important brand name for what active drug?
Clenbuterol which is a Beta-2-Adregeneric Agonist
116
There are 3 Gastrointestinal Drug Categories. Name them and their effected systems.
Gastric drugs: stomach
Enteric drugs: Intestines
Colonic drugs: Cecum/Colon
117
Name the order in which Ruminant Digestion occurs
```
Esophagus
Reticulum
Rumen
Mouth
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum (true stomach)
```
118
How does the Parasympathetic Nervous System effect the Gastrointestinal System when provoked?
Increases digestive secretions
| Increase blood flow to GI tract
119
acetylcholine increases stomach______
acidity
120
What does an Emetic do? Why is it used?
Induced vomiting, used for toxicity or drug overdose
121
How does the Emetic work to induce vomiting?
Stimulates the vagus nerve
| Stimulates the nerves of the inner ear
122
The Emetic Center of the brain is protected by the:
Blood Brain Barrier
123
There is a specialized area of receptors in the Central Nervous System that is capable of detecting toxic substances in the blood and cerebralspinal fluid. What is this called?
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
124
If burns on the oral mucosa are observed in an animal that has ingested an unknown substance, the ingested compound should be assumed to be ______ unless proven otherwise
corrosive
125
When inducing vomiting be sure to give an Emetic and stimulate the gag reflex
False. Never stimulate the gag reflex.
126
Emetics can be Centrally Acting or Locally Acting. Name one of each.
Central: apomorphine
Local: Ipecac
127
True or false. Ipecac Syrup is Hepatotoxic
False. It is Cardiotoxic
128
Activated Charcoal is is given before Syrup of Ipecac to induce vomiting. True or false.
False, it is given after
129
Antiemetic work by blocking dopamine receptors in CRTZ and emetic centre. What are two drugs in this category?
"Reglan" active drug Metoclopramide
130
Antihistamines are also used as Antiemetics. What three drugs?
"Benadryl" Diphenhydramine
"Dramamine" dimenhydrinate
"Phenergan" Promethazine
131
What is a common Antiemetic we use?
Convenia
132
Laxatives are also called _______ or _________
Cathartics
| Purgatives
133
What are some reasons why we might use Laxatives?
Chronic constipation
| Empty colon for radiographs
134
Famotidine, Ranitidine and Cimetidine are all examples of what Gastrointestinal drug?
Antacids (systemic)
135
Why might we use caution when giving Antitussives for therapy?
They are mostly narcotic based so they cause ataxia, sedation and addiction. There are reversal agents but these aren't 100% effective.
136
Explain the order of administration for Syrup of Ipecac and Activated Charcoal.
Syrup of Ipecac is administered first. This is because you must allow time for the Ipecac to pass into the intestines to produce the local irritant effect. If you were to give Charcoal first, since it is absorbant it will absorb Ipecac and render it useless.
137
Why is Apomorphine administered via the conjunctival sac?
It is safer. Apomorphine is an opioid which stimulates the CRTZ but also suppresses CNS, which includes the emetic centre.
138
What does upregulation mean?
Beta Blockers inhibit Beta receptors and allow the heart rate to slow down. The body recognizes the blockage and produces more receptors to compensate. If the drug was stopped cold turkey, all of these receptors would begin to tell the heart to beat fast atthe same time.
139
Xylazine, an emetic drug, works best in cats. Why?
They have more Alpha 2 receptors
140
Apomorphine, an emetic drug, works best in canines. Why?
They have more dopamine receptors
141
Hypersomolar laxative:
draws water to themselves to the bowel, where the pressure of the water causes a bowel movement
142
Locally Acting Emetic:
Irritants that vet on a certain muscle reflex to get the animal to vomit
143
Antibloat Medication:
Causes gas within animal to coalesce (join) for easier expulsion
144
Why might Propanolol, an antiarrhythmic drug, contribute to difficulty breathing in animals with respiratory disease?
It is non selective which means it also blocks the Beta receptors in the Bronchioles causing a minor cough
145
Vasoconstriction stimulates RAAS and produces __________
renin
146
Renin and Angiotensinogen combine to make:
Angiotensin-1
147
Angiotensin-1 combines with ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) to create:
Angiotensin-2
148
What caution should be used when using Nitroglycerin
wear gloves, don't let chicken or other pets touch it
