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Neuroscience 2016 > Test 2 Review Powerpoint > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Reflection

A

important because most of what we see is light that has been reflected off objects in the environment

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2
Q

Absorption

A

this is the mechanism by which photoreceptors obtain energy from light to change membrane potential

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3
Q

Refraction

A

*****light is bent as it passes through different media other than air. E.g., water or glasses

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4
Q

which colors visible light have which freq

A

cooler colors=high freq

warmer colors=low freq

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5
Q

pupil

A

opening where light enters eye

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6
Q

sclera

A

white of eye

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7
Q

iris

A

smooth muscle; gives color to eye

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8
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of axons from the retina; turns into optic tract after chiasm

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9
Q

cataracts

A

clouding of the lens

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10
Q

fixing myopia

A

short sighted: concave lens

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11
Q

fixing hyperopia

A

far sighted: convex lens

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12
Q

ciliary muscle

A

when contracted, strains eyes, lens becomes rounder and thicker to see things up close, zonule fibers loosen
accommodation: refractive power bringing rays into focus on retina by changing shape of lens

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13
Q

conjunctiva

A

membrane that folds back from inside of eyelids and attaches to sclera

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14
Q

macula

A

central vision, part of the retina, high quality of central vision because there are no blood vessels

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15
Q

fovea

A
  1. decrease in number of rods, increase in number of cones
  2. decrease in convergence of photoreceptors to ganglion (one to one ratio around) so increased acuity
  3. displacement of cells above photoreceptors (pit in retina)
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16
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery fluid that nourishes cornea; between cornea and lens

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17
Q

vitreous humor

A

more viscous jelly-like fluid, in between lens and retina, keeps eyeball spherical

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18
Q

visual acuity

A

the ability of the eye to distinguish between two points near each other

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19
Q

scotopic conditions

A

nighttime lighting

rods

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20
Q

photopic conditions

A

daytime lighting
cones
therefore much greater spacial sensitivity on central retina

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21
Q

mesopic conditions

A

intermediate light levels (indoor lighting, outdoor traffic lighting at night)
both rods and cones

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22
Q

rods or cones in the fovea?

A

most cones in fovea; no rods in fovea

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23
Q

fat vs round lens

A

fat lens lets you see things up close

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24
Q

pathway to retina

A

ganglion cells (outermost in eye), bipolar cells, photoreceptors

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25
amacrine cells
modify relationship between ganglion and bipolar
26
horizontal cell
mediate relationship between bipolar and photoreceptors
27
rods
highest concentration: periphery function at what level of light?: low number of photopigments? 1 more sensitive to light
28
cones
highest concentration: fovea function at what level of light?: high number of photopigments?: 3 more sensitive to almost anything besides light: color perception, etc
29
in the dark, photoreceptors are...
depolarized due to a steady influx of Na+, which causes glutamate release
30
cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)
cGMP is second messenger that keeps NA+ channels open When struck by light, rhodopsin has second messenger cascade that inactivates cGMP, so Na+ channels close, neuron hyperpolarizes, glutamate release stops
31
phototransduction
light activates retina, opsin changes shape, second messenger deactivates cGMP, Na+ channels close, neuron hyperpolarizes, glutamate release ceases
32
Receptive fields
The area of the retina that, when stimulated with light, changes the cell’s membrane potential (bipolar, ganglion cells) The area of the visual field that modulates a neuron’s activity when it contains the appropriate stimulus (striate cortex)
33
on/off cells
the stimulus that will maximally activate center on=light off=dark
34
types of ganglion cells
m type, p-type, non m non p
35
m type ganglion cell
``` around 5% of ganglion cells larger receptor field transient response more sensitive to low contrast stimuli specialized for movement ```
36
p type
around 90% of ganglion cells smaller receptive field sensitive to diff in wavelength (color) specialized for edge detection
37
LGN
in thalamus layers of each eye (1-6) segregated info into cortex not binocular
38
v1
except for layer 4, binocular neurons perpendicular orientation=orientation different orientation=go tangentially (aka going across like vertical stripes, parallel) in a cortical module
39
layer iv
input from lgn | occular dominance columns
40
superficial layers (II-III)
``` cytochrome oxidase blobs (object color) (used to label spots on brain) cortical outputs (V2, MT) ```
41
Deep layers (V and VI)
Subcortical outputs (LGN, Superior Colliculus)
42
orientation selectivity
respond maximally to a particular orientation center surround (simple cells) no center surround (complex) object shape
43
direction selectivity
respond maximally to a stimulus moving in a particular direction object motion
44
blob receptive fields
respond maximally to particular wavelengths but not orientation or direction object color
45
path to striate cortex (v1): magnocellular pathway (motion)
retina: m type ganglion cells lgn: magnocellular v1: layer IVC & layer IVB or Blob cortex
46
path to striate cortex (v1): blob pathway (color)
retina: nonM-non- ganglion cells LGB: koniocellular v1:Blob cortex
47
parvo-interblob pathway (shape)
retina: p type ganglion cells LGN: parvocellular V1: Layer IVC & interblob or blob cortex
48
parallel processing in v1
``` magnocellular pathway (motion) blob pathway (color) parvo-interblob pathway (shape) ```
49
ventral stream
object and visual identification/recognition
50
dorsal stream
object's spacial location relative to viewer
51
Visual shape, color areas
V1, V2, V3
52
Visual perception, memory
V4, IT
53
Visual motion
MT, MST
54
pinna
part of ear used for sound localization in vertical plane using interaural differences collects sound waves into ear canal in vertical plane tympanic membrane separates outer ear from inner ear
55
ossicles
middle ear | bones to amplify force on oval window (sound force amplification)
56
pathway audition
sound waves move tympanic membrane >> tympanic membrane moves ossicles> ossicles move membrane at oval window>> motion at oval window moves fluid in cochlea>> movement of fluid in cochlea causes response in sensory neurons
57
oval window
hole in bone of skull which takes input from tympanic membrane and sends to cochlea
58
cochlea
transforms physical motion of oval window vibrating into neural response
59
basilar membrane
stiff by base, flatter and floppier out (flipper) base=high req apex=low frequency establishes place code (where on membrane establishes a location)
60
hair cells
form synapse on spiral ganglion cells | inner and outer ear
61
inner hair cells
more highly innervated | majority info leaving cochlea
62
outer hair cells
amplify movement of basilar membrane cochlear amplifier can shorten/lengthen hair cells with motor proteins antibiotics like kanamycin can damage
63
sound transduction how
movement of basilar membrane and tectorial causes stereocilia hairs to bend bending one direction=depolarization, bending in other direction=hyperpolarization bending causes K+ channels open, k+ influx >> Ca++, release NT, depolarizes other direction no NT, hyperpolarizes
64
auditory pathway
``` inner hair cells spiral ganglion neurons cochlear nucleus superior olive inferior colliculus MGN (thalamus) A1 cortex after superior olive=bilateral input ```
65
high intensity sounds
louder produce a greater firing rate because more auditory more auditory neurons are activated because the basilar membrane will move more in response to louder sounds neurons are activated
66
place code
high frequencies tonotopic organization helps use location to figure out frequency high freq doesnt travel as far on basilar membrane so this is easier
67
phase locking
low frequencies consistent firing of neuron in same place phase locked in every cycle, or every other, or other thrid etc
68
horizontal localization
interaural time diff interaural intensity diff uses info from both ears thus superior olive and up
69
vertical localization
curves of pinna info from one ear bumps and ridges in ear produce reflections of entering sound, causing delays as sound moves away vertically
70
interaural time diff
sound from right side will arrive at left ear and detection of delay helps us locate sound
71
interaural intensity diff
intensity greater on the side sound comes from
72
sensory receptors
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocireceptors (pain), proprioceptors
73
Meissner's corpuscle
rapidly adapting, small receptive field
74
pacinian corpuscle
rapidly adapting, large receptive field
75
2 pt discrimination depends on
``` receptor density (denser=better) cortical representation (more=better) number of receptive types size of receptive fields (smaller=better) ```
76
sensory information
dorsal root, | dorsal root ganglion
77
motor info
ventral root
78
herpes zoster virus
shingles | affects dermatome on one side of body
79
left dermatome
``` spinal cord (segmented) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ```
80
right dermatome
skin, one to one correspondance between dermatomes and spinal segments

Neuroscience 2016 (7 decks)

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