Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards
(53 cards)
The underclass
People who belong to underclass: Long-term chronically unemployed, poor on social assistance, chronically homeless
Occupations: Sales, janitors, food service
Least resources to spend on recreation, sport, and tourism
Three types of capital
Economic - economic resources
Social - access to resources based on networks of influence and support, group membership, relationships
Cultural - education, skills, knowledge that a person has that give him or her higher status in society, including high expectations
The ways in which socio-economic status and capital affect leisure and sport participation
Lower socioeconomic status means limited opportunities such as unavailability to travel or access more expensive sports equipment, less capital means inability to join prestigious clubs. Income also depends on where you live and what sports are played in those locations and access to quality parks/recreation facilities, cultural capital affects what skills you have for different activities
Defining poverty (Census definition and relative poverty)
Census: Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (If family total income is less than family threshold, then the family and individuals are considered in poverty)
Relative poverty: 1. (Community) Rank order all people of community according to income ex. draw line @ 10-20% of ppl in lowest incomes are considered poor. 2. People considered poor are those who don’t have acceptable standard of living according to community norms
Poverty rates in the U.S.
Poverty rate in 2018 was 11.8% (38.1 million ppl below poverty line)
Spatial distribution of poverty in the U.S.
- Lower Mississippi Valley
- Southeast U.S.
- Appalachian Belt
- Four Corners
- Native American Reservations
- Rio Grande Valley
Forced leisure and true leisure
Forced leisure: no choice for leisure
True leisure: make choice to enjoy leisure
Benefits of leisure for the unemployed
Structure time, satisfactions, social connections, search for job opportunities, physically & mentally healthy, higher self-esteem
Homelessness rates in the U.S.
1% of U.S. population ~ 3-3.2 million
Reasons for homelessness
Divorce, unexpected bills, evicted, illness, lose job, substance abuse, runaways, choose to be, veterans (20% of homeless pop.)
Characteristics of homeless people (who are the people who are homeless?)
- African-Americans 42%
- White 39%
- Hispanics 13%
Locations: - Washington D.C.
- New York
- Oregon
- California
- Washington
- Alaska
- Nevada
Racial/ethnic background:
Single men (largest group), families w/ children, single women, unaccompanied youth, veterans, mental illness, substance abuse
Stages of homelessness
Stage 1 - (Marginally homeless)
Near or slightly below, rely on friends/family for accommodations
Stage 2 - (Recently homeless)
Been w/o house for less than a year, temporary, rely on shelter, not many substance abuse/mental health issues
Stage 3 - (Chronically homeless)
Stereotypical homeless ppl, dirty clothes, been w/o home for more than a year, disabling condition, 4 instances of homelessness in last 3 years
Benefits of leisure for the homeless
lots of stress/anxiety @ shelters, mind off problems, give something to do, maintain connection w/ community, regain control of their lives, mental/physical health, improve job skills
Recreation programs for the homeless (by the homelessness stage)
Stage 1 - Don’t need specialized programs (Discounts, passes, soup kitchens)
Stage 2 - Computer games, resume building, rec. centers, field trips, physical activities
Stage 3 - Convince to go to shelters, maintain sobriety, stay clean - THEN they can integrate w/ everyone else in their community
The number and proportion of older adults in the U.S.
In 2020, 16.9% of U.S. population over 65 years of age (55.5 million)
Reasons for the growth of the elderly population
- Baby boom generation is retiring
- Increase in life expectancy
- Decrease in fertility rates
Geographic distribution of older adults
Florida, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Middle areas in U.S. farmer areas (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, etc.)
Sources of income among older adults
- Social Security
- Earnings
- Pensions
- Asset income
Old age dependency
FORMULA - (pop. 65+ yrs/pop. 20-64 yrs)*100
Functional versus chronological age
Functional age - Ability to carry out activities of daily living; ability to live independently
Chronological age - Actual age
Social construction of aging
A society has certain assumptions of capabilities, roles and responsibilities, rights and privileges based on age
Physical changes related to aging – sensory system, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system,
respiratory system, and nervous system.
Sensory system - smell, hearing, vision, touch, taste all go down
Musculoskeletal system - Bones, muscles, ligaments, cartilage; elasticity of connective tissues declines; bones lose calcium (osteoporosis); decline in muscle mass and strength
Respiratory system - Loss of elasticity, hardening of support tissues and airways; decreased amount of air in and out of the lungs; RESERVE CAPACITY of lungs declines (air left in your lungs after you breathe out); lower ability to cope with air pollutants
Cardiovascular system - Heart muscle becomes less elastic (heart pumps harder, blood pressure goes up); walls of heart thicken; arteries become less elastic (atherosclerosis)
Cocktail party effect
Inability to distinguish foreground sound from background conversation
Cognitive changes related to aging – intelligence (fluid and crystallized); memory (sensory, short-term
and long-term)
Fluid intelligence - Biologically determined (genes), decreases with age, average IQ of both parents or less
Crystallized intelligence - Based on learning, accumulated knowledge, increases w/ age
Fluid intelligence goes down while crystallized intelligence goes up (increases)
Sensory memory - stimuli received by touch, taste, smell, etc.
Short-term memory (primary) - where information from sensory memory is temporarily stored
Long-term memory (secondary) - part of brain where information is put into long-term storage
