Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
When did plants begin the transition to land
A
425 million years ago
2
Q
What do plant chloroplasts contain?
A
chlorophyll a & b, and a variety of yellow and orange carotenoids
3
Q
Plants store carboydrate as?
A
starch
4
Q
Bryophytes are?
A
non-vascular plants
5
Q
What are the four major adaptations of plants?
A
- evolution of vascular tissue
- diversification of vascular plants when spore production became means of reproduction
- origin of seed producing plants 360 million years ago
- evolution of flowering plants 130 million years ago
6
Q
Vocab-
Plant tissues that consists of cells that transport water and nutrients through the plant body. Two major types are xylem and phloem
A
vascular tissue
7
Q
Vocab-
Vascular tissue carrying water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
A
xylem
8
Q
Vocab-
Vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic nutrients throughout the plant
A
phloem
9
Q
Vocab-
The gametophyte stage of mosses consisting of a male antheridium and a female archegonium
A
gametangium
10
Q
Vocab-
multicelluar, diploid stage of the life cycle through meiosis produces haploid gametes that becoming the gametophyte
A
sporophyte
11
Q
In unpredictable enviroments, what type of reproduction is generally favored?
A
sexual reproduction
12
Q
What is the only group of non vascular plants in the pant kingdom?
A
bryophytes
13
Q
What makes up the bryophytes?
A
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
14
Q
What is the group(s) in the plant kingdom that are gametophyte dominate?
A
bryophytes
15
Q
What is the group(s) in the plant kingdom that reproduce via spores?
A
bryophytes and pteridophyta (ferns)
16
Q
What are mosses thought to have evolved from?
A
algae
17
Q
What is called ‘club moss’ but is actually a relative of ferns as opposed to moss?
A
lycopodium
18
Q
Why are bryophytes normally found in moist enviroments?
A
it has to do with their method of reproduction (via water)
19
Q
To what group does tortula belong in, and where is it found? Why is this odd?
A
It is a bryophyte but is found in the central mexico desert
20
Q
Bryophytes are the transition between?
A
algae and vascular plants
21
Q
Protonemata resembles?
A
green algae
22
Q
What are some of the differences that Bryophytes and plants share from algae?
A
Male and female gametum
Retention of zygotes and embryo within archegonium
multicellular sporangium
spores that resist drying or decaying
Presence of multicellular, diploid sporophyte
Tissues produced from apical meristems
23
Q
What is haploid on the Marchantia?
A
the green leafy head
24
Q
What are Gemmae cups?
A
asexual way of reproducing
-if part of the cup breaks off they will begin to grow a new liverwort
25
What are some examples of organisms that are not 'true' mosses?
spanish moss, reindeer moss, club moss, irish moss
26
What is an operculum?
The top of the sphagum that will break off and distribute spores
27
Peat bogs can be used for?
they can be burned for fuel, or over millions of years compressed for coal
28
Who are the 'bog' people?
ancient people remarkably well preserved due to the peat bogs acidic enviroment
29
Granite mosses?
Grown on granite
30
What are leptoids?
primative phloem
31
Hornworts have?
a hornlike sporangia
32
What are hornworst symbiotic with?
nostoc, and some have relationships with mycorrhiza
33
What are the seedless vascular plants?
ferns, club moss, horsetails
34
What was the early component of cell walls that added turgor pressure?
ligin
35
What does xylem accumulate as in the perennial gymnosperms and angiosperms?
wood
36
What was eliminated in the gymnosperms and angiosperms?
free swimming sperm
37
What are the 3 embryonic tissues in vascular plants?
Dermal tissue (epidermis), Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), ground tissue (mesophyll and cortex)
38
Seaweed and algae have what type of growth pattern?
inditerminate growth
39
What direction does primary growth go? Where does this growth occur?
Primary growth
| Apical meristems
40
Secondary growth is>
Accumulation of vascular tissue, not normally seen in annuals
41
What is the vascular cambium?
Very thin strip inside the bark of trees which produces xylem and phloem
42
What contriubutes to the accumulation of wood?
| Hint-which tissue
xylem
43
What is a pith?
ground tissue found in the center of some plants
44
What is a steele
usually found in the center of a shoot and contains vascular tissue
45
What are Microphylls?
(only in lycophytes) leaves with a single vein
46
What are megaphylls?
Highly branched vascular system in leaves
47
What is homospory?
spores all the same, no different direction
48
What is heterospory?
spores that are produced are all different
49
What are microspores?
spores that will differentiate into male gametophytes
50
What are megaspores?
will differentiate into female gametophytes
51
What were the carboniferous swamp forests?
thousands of miles of swampy forests with only primative gymnosperms
52
Calmaties were?
the ancient ancestor to horsetails
53
Tree ferns are also known as?
the ground pine
54
Lycophyte trees are?
extinct trees that had a trunk like pattern and stigmanan root system
55
Phylum Lycopodiaphyra contains?
the club moss
56
What are rhizome?
horizontal stems seen in many ferns
57
Where does the strobilus grow from?
out of the rhizome
58
The Antheridium and Archegonium are both produced?
on the same gametophyte body
59
Sellaginella are?
fern relatives
60
Isotes are also known as?
quillwort
61
Phylum Monilophyta is made of?
ferns and horsetails
62
What is special about the Linsaea (fern)?
Ferns which can grow to be the size of trees in japan
63
What is Pleopeltis?
Known as the 'ressurection fern'
| It grows on the body of trees, and can dry out and come back with the rain
64
What is special about the cinnamon ferns reproductive system?
vegative outer frons and middle frons are reproductive
65
What is the bracken fern?
Common in the sandhills of south carolina
| Sori (spore producing structures) are produced on the backs of leaves
66
What are fiddleheads?
immature fronds
67
Psilotum has no real _______ but...
No real leaves but instead uses stem for photosynthesis
68
Ophioglossum is more commonly known as?
adder's tongue
69
Equisetum is more commonly known as _________ and is the living relative of _______.
horsetails and living relative of calamises
70
What is special about the Equisetum (horsetails) that gives the leaves a gritty texture?
it secretes silicon dioxide between the cells giving them a gritty texture
71
What is different about Equisetum (horsetails) reproductive strategy?
It sends up two different stalks, one vegitative and one reproductive
72
What are some of the advantages of seeds?
More nutrition, protection, dispersion of seed
73
All seed plants are __________ meaning?
heterosporous
| Meaning that the spores they produce are either male or female
74
What is a possible gymnosperm ancestor which reproduced with spores?
Archepteris
75
Phylum Coniferophyta contains?
cone bearing plants
76
Phylum Cycadophyta contains?
trees resembling palms but produces cones
77
Phylum Ginko contains?
Ginko trees
78
Phylum Gnetophyta contains?
modern plants, grey area between angiosperms and gymnosperms
79
the 'Naked Seeds' of gymnosperms are?
not wrapped in ovary (which eventually matures to fruit)
80
A microgametophyte is?
a pollen grain
81
How can you tell a male cone from a female cone?
a male cone is much smaller
| a female cone is what you traditionally view as a 'pine cone'
82
Microspores form?
male pollen
83
What phlyum do the angiosperms belong too?
Phylum Anthophyta
84
What are the angiosperms with primitive characteristics?
The Basal Angiosperms
85
What is included in the basal angiosperms?
Amborrella trichopoda
Nymphaea
Magnoloods
Aristolochia grandflora
86
What are some details about the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda?
It has a staminate flower, with petals very similar to leaves and is found on an island called new calidonia
87
Nymphaea has what characterisitc which groups it with the basal angiosperms?
it has radial symmetry and grouped stamen and pistons in the center of the flower
88
Magnolids use what type of pollenation and what groups them with the basal angiosperms?
They use beetle pollenation, and contain radial symmetry
89
Aristolochia grandiflora is also called? and what does it do to attract pollenators?
Duchman's Pipe
| emits a foul odor to attract pollenators
90
What is included in the Monocotyledonae?
Grasses, True palms, orchids, grains, banana,
91
Monocots have how many petals?
groups of 3
92
Dicots have how many petals?
groups of 5
93
What type of pores and furrows belong to monocots?
one pore or furrow
94
What type of pores and furrows belong to dicots?
3 pores or furrows
95
How many cotyledons do monocots have?
1
96
How many cotyledons do dicots have?
2
97
What is the difference in leaf venation between monocots and dicots?
monocots have long thin leaves with parrallel venation
| Dicots have net venation
98
How do the vascular bundles in the stem differ from monocots to dicots?
Monocots have a long thin stem with scattered vascular bundles
dicots have thicker stems with a ring of vascular bundles
99
What is a cotyledon?
"seed leaf" and upon germination may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling
100
What does the pollen tube do?
carries the sperm to the egg
101
What are the largest organisms on earth that are called 'living fossils'?
redwoods (sequoia sempervirens)
102
Pines are very useful?
commercially
103
What is the rarest tree on earth with only about 40 living organisms?
Wollemia pine
104
What kind of tree is used as christmas trees?
Norfolk pine
105
Firs are?
are major source of timber, used alot in landscaping.
| Most popular is the balsam fir
106
What kind of tree can grow almost as tall and large as sequoia?
Spruce
107
What is the counterpart in Europe to American pines, and is decidous?
larch
108
What kind of Conifer is a source of taxol?
Yew
109
What is an ancestor of modern sequoias?
Dawn redwood
110
What kind of gymnosperm is a relative to conifers and recruit pollen eating insects?
Cycads
111
What is special about Ginko's?
thought to be long extinct, and in the summer the leaves ferminate and smell terrible
112
Gnetum is?
less like a gymnosperm than all the others, and has red fleshy seeds
113
What type of gymnosperm produces ephedrine?
ephedra
| -Ephedra also looks almost like flowers
114
What gymnosperm grows in the Namib Desert and recruits pollen bettles?
Welwitschia
115
What special historical fact is the White pine known for?
3 slashes would be a mark for King George
116
What are some examples of dicots?
Cactus, Anemone, Poppy, Live Oak, Bean
117
Flower structure includes?
4 floral whorls
118
Collections of sepals are referred to as the?
calyx
119
Collections of petals are known as?
Corolla
120
Collectively that stamens are known as?
the androcium
121
Collectively the carpals are known as the?
gymocium
122
The stigma is known as the?
pollen landing pad
123
Placentation is?
how the ovules are placed in the ovary
124
Ears of corn are what sex?
female
125
Perfect flowers have?
both male and female parts
126
Imperfect flowers are?
imperfect in a sense that they are either male OR female
127
Monoecious plants?
have male and female flowers on the same plant body
128
Dioecious plants?
Have either male OR female plants
129
A superior ovary?
sits on top of other plant parts, and is considered most primative
130
A inferior ovary?
sits inside
131
What type of ovary does a Hypogynous flower have?
a superior ovary.
hypo-below
gynous-ovary
132
What type of ovary does a Epigynous flower have?
an inferior ovary
133
What type of ovary does a Perigynous flower have?
the ovary sits in the middle
134
What is connnation
when the same floral parts are fusing
135
What is adnation?
when different floral parts are fusing
136
What are inflorescences?
Clusters of flowers together to maximize reproductive chances
137
What are the functions of the roots?
Anchorage, Absorption, Storage, Conduction, Reproduction, synthesis and secretion
138
What is a primary root?
the central root going deep for water
| -found mostly in dicots
139
What is a taproot?
also known as primary root
140
What are fibrous roots?
not as deep as primary roots but branched
| -found in monocots
141
What are adventitious roots?
can grow out out of stem and sometimes are called prop roots and help the plant stand up
142
How long is the root system of the Boscia albitrunca?
68 meters
143
How long is the root system of the Prosopsis?
53 meters
144
How long is the root system of the Tamarix and Acacia
30 meters
145
How long is the root system of the Medicago (Alfalfa)
6 meters
146
What is an example of a fibrous root system spread?
Secale (rye) in 4 months, it covered 639 meters
147
Well watered plants have?
a less extensive root system
148
Roots work better in conjunction with?
mychorrizal fungi
149
What is the root cap?
cells protecting the underlying root tissue
150
Collumella is responsible for?
responsible for detecting gravity
151
What is the mucilage sheath responsible for?
to help the rootcap drive down through soil
152
What are root hairs?
extention of internal root walls, and increases root surface area. Although these have no cell walls
153
The apical meristem is also known as?
the Zone of cell division
154
The zone of cell elongation is?
the 2nd way that primary growth occurs
155
What occurs in the zone of maturation?
cells differentiate
156
How are the zones of the root structure organized from root cap and up?
root cap, zone of cell division (apical meristem), zone of cell elongation, and zone of maturation
157
What part of the root do lateral roots differentiate from?
the pericycle
158
What is the root setup in dicots?
Vascular cylinder located in middle
159
What is the root setup in monocots?
vascular tissue is arranged in a circle
160
What are stilt roots?
found in many tropical trees due to competition for light
161
What are pneumatophores?
air roots found in intertidal aread
162
What are epiphytic roots, such in orchids?
roots no longer needed for water, and contain velaman (thick epidermis) for protection
163
What is an example of storage roots?
sweet potatoes
164
What is a node on the shoot?
where the penial attaches
165
A bud is?
immature leaves and flowers
166
What are the only things alive in the trunk of a tree?
vascular and cork cambium
167
Primary phloem is?
phloem produced in the first year
168
Secondary phloem is?
year 2 to infinity
169
What produces Primary and Secondary phloem?
Vascular cambium
170
How is bark produced?
by the cork cambium
171
What is heartwood?
vascular tissue that has lost its ability to produce vascular tissue functions, but functions instead as a structural entity
172
A monocot stem is?
very good for rapid growth
173
Vascular bundles in a dicot stem are arranged?
in a circle
174
Vascular bundles in a monocot stem are?
scattered
175
Leaves are designed?
to maximize photosynthesis
176
Phylotaxis is?
the arrangement of leaves of a shoot
177
The petiole is?
the leaf stalk
178
Simple leaves have?
one leaf per petiole
179
What are compound leaves?
Multiple leaflets per petile
180
The upper epidermis of a leaf is?
concerned with absorption of light
181
What shape is a palisade mesophyll?
a column shape located on the top
182
What shape is a spongy mesophyll?
Different shapes with large spaces to allow the flow of gases, responsible for photosynthesis
183
Where is xylem and phloem located in the leaf?
in the vein
184
What are tricomes?
little spines to empale insects
185
What are guard cells?
2 guard cells form stomates
186
What is special about Bluegrass (leaves)?
Leaves can fold due to changes in hydrostatic pressure
187
What is special about the onion in concern to leaves?
the bulb is actually leaves
188
What are tendrils?
leaves that actual function is support
189
What is special about a venus flytrap?
The leaves are modified to trap and digest insects
190
What are Cladophylls?
stems that have evolved into resembling leaves
191
What are stolons?
Stems that take on reproductive functions
