Test 4 study Guide Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Why is mustard found in the artic so small?
A
to avoid the wind chill
2
Q
What is special about the willow tree that grows in the artic?
A
it’s trunk is horizontal to avoid wind-singificant source of food for musk ox
3
Q
The artic poppy employs __________ to maximize all possible light while making seeds.
A
heliotropism
4
Q
What is so special about the snowbell?
A
it lives in the alps, and flowers at the end of fall. In spring when the snow melts, the snowbell is already flowering
5
Q
Cushion plants in Tasmania employ this strategy because?
A
The cushion shape almost acts as a solar panel for absorbing light and heat.
One cushion could be made from various species of plants
6
Q
What species make up the cushion plants?
A
sedges, rushes, daises, dandelions
7
Q
What are the cushion plants refered too by farmers?
A
vegetable sheep
8
Q
The giant Lobelia, growing on mount kenya does what for warmth?
A
grows hair over leaves
9
Q
What are the cabbage grondsels strategy for warmth and to survive the drought season?
A
dead leaves form a coating over newly formed ones, and when the rainy season comes, the new leaves will sprout out of the capsule formed by the dead leaves.
At night for warm, the cabbage groundsel folds/ closes its large leaves around its small stem for warmth
10
Q
The Quiver stree has a unique way of combating water loss. What is it?
A
It employs a strategy called ‘self amputation’ where it will seal off an area (amputate) of water loss is occuring in that area.
Also the bark is covered in a think white coating
11
Q
What is the white surface of the cone plant?
A
skin of last years leaves
12
Q
The Arizona Saguaro cactus can hold?
A
several tons of water
13
Q
What are the ‘pebbles’ of the window plant?
A
The little stumps resembling pebbles are actually the tops of the underground leaves that transport the light to the underground photosynthetic elements
14
Q
Mole rats aid in dispersal by?
A
collecting bulbs and storing them underground, as the mole rats burrow outwards, some of the bulbs are forgotten and able to germinate
15
Q
What plant species lives on Mount Rormima (the wettest place on earth)?
A
Pitcher plants
16
Q
The center of a bromeliad contains what?
A
a pool that is normally a safe haven for insects
17
Q
A badderwort ‘hunts’ where? And how?
A
in the bromeliad pools, and sets traps by inflating bladders with water. On the top of each bladder is a bristled door that sweeps bug larvae in
18
Q
Sundews are what kind of plant?
A
insectivorous
19
Q
The giant amazon water lily has a special mechanism to avoid cross pollination. What is it?
A
the flower closes after the first night
20
Q
What do lily trotter birds do?
A
they walk on top of the giant amazon water lilies pads and hunt insects trapped there
21
Q
What are the purpose of the cypress cones?
A
to slow down current to allow mud to fall out of solution, letting the mud deposit and give them more space to grow
22
Q
What is special about the mangrove seed?
A
It isn’t released until after germination, where the hope is that it will fall and ‘shoot’ into the mud where it can continue to grow
23
Q
What are the ‘trees’ of the ocean and can grow to over 300 ft?
A
Kelp
24
Q
What is special about single celled algae?
A
The single celled algae fills our atmosphere with more 02 than all land plants combined
25
How did cultivation of plants begin by humans?
Probably began by accident, from seeds that were spilled, carried from birds, or animal waste
Mostly wild cereals
26
Domestication is what?
selection of specific characteristics and cultivation by humans
27
What are the cereal grains?
barley, wheat, rice and corn
28
What are some of the elements of selection?
```
loss of natural seed dispersal (AKA seeds stick to pod)
More and Larger grains
Thicker stalks
Seeds that seperate freely
Improved flavor and texture
```
29
The "tools" of agriculture predate what?
Cultivation
30
When was the sickle blade invented?
12,000 years ago
31
When was the grindstone invented?
23,000 years ago
32
What was found on some of the grindstones found?
starch containing characteristics of wild barley
33
The first plants were brought into cultivation 10,000 years ago?
The Fertile cresent
34
What were the plants that were brought into cultivation in the Fertile Cresent
Wild Barley, Wheat, Lentels, and Pease
35
What modern day countries are in the fertile cresent?
Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Isreal
36
What were some of the other crops that were harvested in the fertile cresent?
peas, olives, pomegrantes, grapes, figs and flax
37
What were the first animals to be domesticated?
Dogs, domesticated about 15,000 years ago
38
When were cats domesticated?
5000 years ago in North Africa and Near East
39
What were the animals that were domesticated following dogs and cats??
Goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs
40
Why were goats, sheep, cattle and pigs domesticated?
For wool, hides, milk, cheese, and eggs
41
How did grazing animals affect the land?
The grazing animals ate the available plant life, and lead of cultivation of plants for fodder
42
China, in the yellow river area, what plants were cultivated
Rice and millet (8,000 years ago)
| Soybeans (3,100 years ago)
43
What plants did Tropical Asia begin to cultivate?
mango, citrus, taro, bananas
44
Why was taro important?
Grown for starchy corn
45
When were bananas brought to America? What was different about them
After cultivation/domestication bananas lost their seeds, and these seedless bananas where brought to the new world shortly after Columbus
46
What animals had long since been domesticated in Tropical Asia?
Buffalo, camels, and chickens
47
What crops began to be cultivated 4-5,000 years ago in Africa?
sorghum, grain, okra, yams, cotton
48
What does the boll weevil do?
It is a beetle that feeds on cotton
49
No ____________ ___________ were brought from olf world to new world prior to 1492
domesticated plants
50
Where was the Bottle Gourd brought from 8,000 years ago to the new world?
Africa/Asia
51
What were the first plants cultivated in the New World?
pumkins and squash in place of grains, wheat, barely
52
Instead of rice, what was farmed in the New world?
Maize (corn)
53
Why is New world cotton prefered over old world cotton?
New world cotton is polyploidy and the old world cotton is diploid
54
In south America, what crops were cultivated?
tuberous crops like potatoes and seed crops such as quinoa
55
What were the few animals domesticated in the New World?
Musovy Duck, Turkey, Guinea Pig, Llamas, and Alpaca
56
Where is black pepper from?
ground fruits of Piper nigrum
57
Where is cinnamon from?
ground bark of the Cinnamomum
58
Where are cloves from?
dried flower buds of Eugenia
59
Where is Ginger from?
rhizome (stem) of Zingiber
60
Where are nutmeg and mace from?
the seeds and dried outer seed covering of Myristica
61
Where is vanilla from?
dried, fermented seed pod of orchid Vanillia
62
Where is Allspice from?
dried, unripe berries of Pimenta
63
What herbs are members of the mint (Lamiaceae) family?
Thyme, Mint, Basil, Oregano, Sage
64
What herbs are members of the Parsely (Apiaceae) family?
Parsely, Dill, Caraway, Fennel, Coriander, Anise
65
What herb is from the same genus as wormwood and sagebrush?
Tarragon
66
Bay leaves are from what family?
laurel family
67
What spice consists of the dried stigmas and styles of Crocus sativa and is in the iris family? It also is very expensive because it must be collected by hand
Saffron
68
What is coffee made of?
The dried seeds of the Coffea Arabica and the seeds are roasted and ground to make coffee
69
How is tea made>
From the dired leaves of the tea plant
70
Global Evolution-
| Crops are carried from their point of origin to?
Where they are grown best throughout the world
71
Global Evolution-
| Corn, wheat and rice are grown?
Wherever possible
72
Global Evolution-
| Some plants are more closely related with their new homes than their points of origin. What is an example of this?
Potatoes. Originally cultivated by Incans they are now more closely related to the Irish
73
```
Global Evolution-
Oil palms (source of Palm oil and native to West Africa), Coca (source of cocoa and chocolate native to Mexico) and sugarcane (New Guinea) are now?
```
Grown everywhere
74
What are the 6 Major crops throughout the world?
Wheat, Rice, Potatoes, Maize, Sweet Potatoes, and Manioc
80% of total calories consumed by humans
75
What are the other 8 supplementary crops throughout the world?
Sugar cane, Sugar beet, Common beans, Soybeans, Barley, sorghum, coconuts and bananas
76
The jump from the human population from 100 million to 300 million was a direct result of?
Agriculture
77
Urban centers were established when the human population was 5 million how long ago?
8,000 BC about 10,000 years ago
78
In the 20th century, the human population has increased from?
1.6 Billion to 6 billion
79
How many people are added to the world everyday?
220,000
80
How many people are added to the world per year?
83 million people added per year
81
By 2050 the world will need ___% more food to feed the population
70-100%
82
The two biggest development in crop populations came from?
Haberbosh's discoveries of how to make fertilizer
| Hybrid maize seed
83
What are the major problems in agriculture?
Utilizing the gains in productivity made possible by mechaization, irrigation and fertilization
84
What re some things that have been done to improve?
Land Grant college system
Quality of crops produced/yeild
Crops more resistant to disease
85
What is AGRA and what are the goals?
Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa
Founded by the Rockafellers and Bill and Melinda Gates
Goals-
Increase farm yeild through use of agrinomic improvements
Decrease losses and enhave quality of crops through genetic improvments
Make sure farmers profit from improvements
86
What are the 7 major terrestrial biomes?
```
Tropical Rain Forest
Temperate Deciduous forest
Northern coniferous forests
African Savannah
Temperate (Prairie) Grasslands
Tundra
Desert
```
87
What is the Rainshadow effect?
As wind blows from east to west, coasts receive alot of rainfall and gradually decreases. if their are mountains on the coast the rainshadow effect is more pronounced
-an example of this is deserts that follow after mountain ranges
88
What did Humbolt discover?
a relationship between changes in vegitation present at various latitudes
89
Humbolts discoveries about latitude/vegitation also shows?
convergent evolution
90
What are some of the comparisons of Soil Qualities?
Inorganic qualities-> Different minerals
Particle size-> Sand, silt, clay
Organic Components-> Humus
91
What is humus?
Humus is the dark organic matter that forms in the soil when plant and animal matter decays, holds water and minerals, and attracts earthworms and organisms
92
How do most fires start in biomes?
Lightning
93
In what biome do 50% of earth's organisms live?
Tropical Rain Forest
94
What are some of the qualities of the Tropical Rain Forest?
Abundant Water
Warm/Hot throughout year
High diversity of plants and animals
95
What is the soil quality of the Tropical Rain Forest
Relatively poor in minerals, low humus, thin topsoil
96
Tropical Rain Forest-do they have and fire maintence?
No-> most fires are slash and burn operations which cause major issues to the forest
97
What plants do best in the Tropical rain forest?
Trees
98
What are the layers of the Tropical Rain Forest canopy?
```
From top to bottom-
Emergent Layer
Canopy Layer
Understory
Immature Layer
```
99
What type of plant species do well in the Tropical Rain Forest
shade tolerant species
100
Why does the Tropical Rain Forest show alot of butressing?
The buttressed trees develop due to the high competition for light, putting all their energy into growing taller, the buttressing develops at the base to prevent the tree from falling
101
What is a popular plant growth strategy in the Tropical Rain Forest
Epiphytes and vines
102
Orchids are ______ and the competion for ________ has caused then to change their structure.
monocots
| pollinators
103
What is an example of an Orchid's changed floral structure?
The labellum (lip) which is a modified petal that creates a 'landing pad'
104
What is the bee orchid?
This orchid does not produce nectar for pollinators, but instead tricks bees (By modified petals that resemble bee) into attempting to mate with it
105
What is an orchid that is native to south carolina?
the pogonia orchid
106
In what plant do Tropical frogs lay their eggs in
The pools of the Bromeliad
107
What is the largest Bromeliad native to Peru?
Puya
108
What is the smallest bromeliad?
Deuteronchonia
109
What is a odd fruit that is in the Bromeliad family?
The pinapple
110
Llanas are?
Tropical vines
111
The strangler fig can do what?
Actually kill the tree they live on
112
A subcategory of the Tropical Rain Forest is?
A monsoon forest (almost too much of a good thing)
113
What is slash and burn agriculture?
How farmland is created in tropical climates
Burning releases nutrients back into the soil
50% loss in Tropical Rain Forest
114
Why is slash and burn agriculture so bad for the forest?
Succession doesnt occur like in temperate forests
115
Most Temperate Deciduous Forests are made of?
Hardwoods
116
What biome does South Carolina live in?
Temperate Deciduous Forests
117
Where are Temperate Deciduous Forests located?
North and South of Tropical Rain Forests
118
What is a big difference between the Tropical Rain forest and the Temperate Deciduous Forests?
Because Temperate Deciduous Forests are far enough from the equator, seasons are present
119
Most hardwoods of the Temperate Deciduous Forests become ___________ in the winter
dormant
120
What is the soil quality of the Temperate Deciduous Forests?
Rich in nutrients, high humus, thick topsoil
121
What is the precipitaion in the Temperate Deciduous Forests
75 to 250 CM that is more concentrated in summer
122
What is the species diversity in the Temperate Deciduous Forests
Lower than the tropics, but higher than the coniferous forests
123
What are the characterisic plants of the Temperate Deciduous Forests?
Deciduous Oaks and Hickories, Maples, Ash, Elm.
-> There are some pines present but not dominate species
124
What is the animal life of the Temperate Deciduous Forests
Deer, Foxes, Bears, and squirrels
125
How do decidious trees function?
in spring and summer (growing season) they will produce excess photosynthesis and it will be stored as starch
At begining of spring the starch will be converted back to glucose and rise from the root systems back into trees
126
What is the only surviving marsupal in America?
Possum
127
What is the main strategy of Animals in the Temperate Deciduous Forests?
Hibernation during winter to avoid migration
128
What are the reasons conifers cannot survive in the Temperate Deciduous Forests
They aren't shade tolerant but they dominate in the sandhills (which is technicallly still in the biome)
129
What is the fire factor in the Temperate Deciduous Forests?
Fire is a factor-the plant material on the ground is easily flammable and the tree bark protects against fire
130
How can fire damage the Temperate Deciduous Forests ?
If the fire reaches great heights and damages the apical meristem.
This occurs due to global warming with dryer debree on the ground
131
What is the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests
The canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests is only two tiers and more light is able to pass through
132
What tree makes up most of the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests
Hickory
133
What kind of oak produces less tannic acorns>
The white oak's acorns produce less tannic acid than that of the live or red oak
134
The southern red oak can grow?
Extremely large
135
The post oak is also called?
The turkey oak
136
Water oaks prefer?
Wet soil
137
What oak is non deciduous and has leathery leaves with a thick cuticle
Live oaks
138
Red maples are?
Very shade tolerant and valuable for commercial use
139
The American elm is located where in the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests
the understory
140
Persimmon produces?
A tart fruit
141
Where does the Black cherry reside in the canopy of the Temperate Deciduous Forests
the understory, and birds really like the tart fruit
142
Sycamore trees prefer?
moist areas
143
Tulip Poplar trees are related?
to magnolias
They were once widespread but now mostly used in landscaping
144
What is the tree that produces the recognizable gumballs?
Sweet Gum
145
Dog wood trees are?
Widespread, shade tolerant, used in landscaping
146
What are the Carolina Sandhills?
Once ancient beaches, very loose soil with very little minerals
147
Bald cypruss swamps are?
Located in flood planes, contained butressed bases
Actually conifers that looses leaves
148
What are some other common plants in the Temperate Deciduous Forests?
```
Spanish moss
Palmetto
Yellow jessamine
Southern magnolia
Venus fly traps and Pitcher plants
Azaleas
Camellias
Kudzu
```
149
What are some of the common plants in Temperate Deciduous Forests that are imports?
Azaleas-> Japan
Crepe Myrtles
Kudzu
150
Why was Kudzu originally introduced?
For animal food and preventing erosion
151
Where are the Northern Coniferous Forests located?
Central Canada, Alaska, Russia, Siberia
152
_______ do much better in cold weather
conifers
153
What is the temp of the Northern Coniferous Forests
cool to cold year round
154
What special quality do conifers have that allows them to succeed in cold weather?
They produce their own antifreeze
155
What is the soil quality of the Northern Coniferous Forests
Thin topsoil and very acidic because of the conifer needles so it's very mineral poor
156
What is created in the Northern Coniferous Forests when the snow melts?
bogs form
157
The precipitation in the Northern Coniferous Forests is?
Mostly from snow
158
What is special about the Sitka spruce?
It can grow almost as big as seqouia
159
What are some common trees in the Northern Coniferous Forests?
Sitka spruce, balsam, douglas fir
160
What grows on the forest floor of the Northern Coniferous Forests
moss mats
161
What are some qualities of the animals of the Northern Coniferous Forests
cold adapted, migratory
ex. artic fox, grey wolves, and moose
162
What are the enviromental threats to the Northern Coniferous Forests
Deforestation, Oil Shale and Shade
163
How is oil shale obtained? What is it?
It's natural gas, and it is obtained by fracking
164
What are oil Sands?
Enviromental Disaster
Involves clearing forests to Dig mines
Water and Chemicals to clean the oil from the sand/dirt
165
What is the main factor in creating grasslands?
Rainfall
-> Most grasslands can have droughts that last for years
166
What is an example of a Tropical grassland
Serrengetti plane
167
What is the main differences between Tropical and Temperate Grasslands?
Temperature
168
What is the soil quality of Tropical grasslands?
Savannas have little topsoil and humus
The soil quality is bad due to rainfall
The grasses don't have much biomass so they don't produce much humus
169
What is the fire adaptation of Tropical grasslands?
Tropical grasslands depend on fire
170
What are the main trees of the Tropical grasslands?
The thorn acacia
171
What is special about the thorn acacia?
Most play host to mutualistic ants
172
What are Beltian Bodies?
They are nutrient packets that grown on the leaves as food for the ants
173
The Tropical grasslands have what type of animal diversity?
largest collection of grazing animals in the world
174
The grazing animals of the Tropical grasslands actually?
influenced growth patterns
175
Lions have issues due to?
livestock trades
176
The Temperate Grasslands are also known as?
Prairie
177
What are some examples of Temperate Grasslands?
Pampas (argentina), Midwest Prairie, Russian Steps, Veldt (South Africa)
178
What is the the temp of the Temperate Grasslands?
Extremely cold in the winter
179
What is the soil quality of the Temperate Grasslands?
Especially in the past-
| Deep rich Humus and minerals
180
What are the animals of the Temperate Grasslands
There used to be millions of bison, but most were killed
| Burrowing animals such as Praerie Dogs
181
What are the plants of the Temperate Grasslands?
Most native plants are gone due to agriculture
182
What are some of the qualities of grasses that allow them to dominate in the Temperate Grasslands
Large root systems
Wind pollination
thin leaves to prevent water loss
lots of grasses secrete silica to deter herbivores
183
What does sawgrass do?
Secretes so much silica that it actually makes the leaves sharp
184
What is a ligule?
If a leaf is broken the ligule is used to block the opening
185
What do sea oats do?
protects dunes bu olding dune together with root system
186
Where are sunflowers native to?
The prairie
187
What is special about sunflowers?
The flower is actually an inflorensence
the ray flowers are the colorful part
The disk flowers are in the middle
188
What is the diversity of the Temperate Grasslands
High diversity
| Badger, Praerie chicken, Pronghorn, Bison, coyote, Prairie dog
189
What were some enviromental impacts that affected the Temperate Grasslands
The Dust Bowl
190
How was the dust bowl created?
After the stock market fell, Roosevelt gave away midwest land for wheat farming.
Lack of experience with farming and the annual plowing of wheat destroyed the soil quality
191
How was the Dust Bowl Remedied?
1930's department of agriculture introduced better farming techniques.
However because of all this, almost no native Temperate Grasslands remain
192
What is the reason the Tundra is hard to survive?
VERY cold and VERY high winds
193
What's the percipitation of the Tundra?
Snow-Water in ground remains in permafrost
194
How much of the world's surface does the Tundra make up?
20% of the world's surfave
195
What is the soil quality of the tundra?
Poor soil, Thin topsoil, low nutrient quality and humus
| Permafrost fairly close to surface
196
What is the diversity of Tundra?
Lower animal diversity
High diversity of lichens, mosses and forbs
197
What are some of the animals of the Tundra
Artic foxes, carribouu, polar bears, artic hares, some migratory birds
198
What are some of the ecological impacts the tundra faces?
Oil pipelines esp Alaskan oil pipeline
| Exon Oil spill
199
What were some of the concerns with the Alaskan Oil Pipline?
the pipline extends 800 miles disrupting migration
| The heated pipe was thought to be a problem but it turns out that the animals actually like it
200
What occured with the Exon oil spill?
the ship hit a rock on the coast and spilled 38 million gallons of crude oil
Oil is still there even with extensive efforts to clean
201
What biome has the least precipitation?
Desert
202
What is the soil quality of the Desert
Actually high in soil nutrients but no humus
203
Where are deserts found?
in center of continents and in areas with rain shadows
204
What is the diversity of the Desert
great deal of variation, but driest deserts have lowest diversity of species
205
What are some of the characteristic plant of the desert?
Cacti and euphorbias, succulents, heat tolerant and resist desiccation, often deep roots
206
What is CAM and C4 Plants?
CAM plants open stomata at night and take in CO2 when temps and are lower and humidity higer. Cam plants close these tomatas throughout the day when temps are higher
C4 acid breaks down PEP and CO2 during the day
207
What are some of the animals of the Desert?
Desert hare, iguana, pika, rattlesnake
208
What kind of animal is the kit fox?
A burrowing animal
