test 2 stuff Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
components or rokcs
A
minerals
2
Q
tells us how rocks are formed, modified, what tectonic process they use
A
minearls
3
Q
fine grained (rhylotie) forms a what
A
volcano
4
Q
olivine and pyroxene are in the
A
mantle
5
Q
garnet is schist suggests
A
metamorphism
6
Q
5 important rules about minerals
A
naturally occuring inorganic solids crystalline structure definable chemical composition
7
Q
is coal a mineral
A
no
8
Q
basic building blocks of minerals
A
elements
9
Q
smallest particles of matter
A
atoms
10
Q
how do minerals get destryoed
A
melting
dissolution in aqueous solutiosn
chemical reaction with other minerals
11
Q
minerals with the same chemical arrangement but different atomical arrangment
A
polymorph
12
Q
8 things to identify minerals by
A
color streak luster hardness density crystal habit cleavage specific properties
13
Q
formed at lower pressures and temps than diamonds
A
graphite
14
Q
strong bonds connect carbon atoms arranged in ____ in graphite
A
sheets
15
Q
weak bonds connect carbon atoms between ____ in graphite
A
alternating sheets
16
Q
native elements are minerals composted of
A
a single elemetn
17
Q
silicates are the most common what
A
major mineral group
18
Q
silicates contain _____ tetrahedron. and is the _____ class of rock-forming minerals
A
silicon - oxygen
largest/most important
19
Q
carbonates are the 2nd most common what
A
major mineral group
20
Q
carbonates contain _____ . has economic value and examples are _____
A
carbon / oxygen
examples = limestone, marble
21
Q
____ elements compose most of the rock - forming minerals
A
8
22
Q
most abundant rock forming minerals are
A
oxygen / silicon
23
Q
common organisms in the ocean make hard parts out of ____
A
calcite or aragonite
24
Q
one celled plant like organism
A
phytoplankton
25
amoeboid like organism (animal)
foraminifera
26
2 polymorphs of calcium carbonate
calcite or aragonite
27
identified deposits
reserves
28
metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit
ores
29
3 rock types
igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic
30
cools and crystallizes from magma, intrusive and extrusive
igneous
31
deposited at earth's surface by physical, chemical, or biologic agents and then buried
sedimentary rocks
32
rocks formed by the transformation of pre-existing solid rocks due to changes in the temperature and pressure
metamorphic rocks
33
formed as magma cools and crystallizes
igneous rocks
34
rocks formed inside the earth are called
plutonic/ intrusive rocks
35
extrusive pyroclasts form in violent eruptions from lava in the air
volcanic ash, bomb, pumice
36
magic basal,t felsic rhyolite , e
extrusive igneous rocks
37
gabbro, granite
intrusive igneous rocks
38
classification of igneous rocks is based on rocks's ____ and ____ ___
rock's texture and mineral constituents
39
size and arrangements of crystals
texture
40
fine grained rocks have a ___ rate of cooling
fast
41
example of fine -grained rocks
basalt
42
coarse grained rocks have a ____ rate of cooling
slow
43
example of coarse grained rocks
diorite
44
has two rates of cooling because of two crystal sizes
porphryitic rocks
45
example of porphrytic rocks
granite
46
very fast rate of cooling
glassy / obsidian
47
4 compositional groups of igneous rocks
felsic
intermediate
mafic
ultra-mafic
48
example of felsic minerals
quartz
orthoclax feldspar
plagioclase feldspar
muscovite (mica
49
silicate structure of felsic rocks
frameworks
| sheets
50
minerals of mafic rocks
biotite (mica)
amphibole group
pyroxene group
olivine
51
silicate structure of mafic rocks
double chains
single chains
isolated tetrahedrea
52
feldspar - silica
felsic
53
magnesium ferric
mafic
54
rising mass of magma that pushes aside crustal rocks as it rises through the crust
magma chamber
55
temp of ____ is required for partial melting of crustal rocks
and a depth of ____
1000 C
| 40 km
56
process by which rocks of varying composition can arise from a uniform parent magma
magmatic differentiation
57
the first minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma are the ones that are _____
the last to melt
58
process by which crystals are formed in a cooling magma and are segregated from the remaining liquid
fractional crystallization
59
example of fractional crystallizaiton
basaltic intrustion in palisades, NJ
60
shows order of crystallizations
Bowen's reaction series
61
mineral composition of igneous rocks is influenced by what
crystal setting in magma
62
Bowen's reaction s series from high temp to low temp
ultramafic (low silica) --> mafic (basaltic) --> intermediate (andesitic) --> flesic, rhyolite (high silica)
63
as magma temps decrease
composition of magma changes from ultra mafic to andesitic
64
underground igneous body
pluton
65
plutons are classified by
shape (tabular or massive)
66
intrusions are classified according to
orientation with respect to host
67
cuts across existing structures
discordant
68
parallel to features such as sedimentary strata
concordant
69
tabular, discordant intrusion (last stuff to crystallize out a magma)
dike
70
tabular, concordant intrusion
sill
71
largest intrusive body with a surface exposure over 100+ sq. feet
batholith
72
batholiths occur in
groups
73
smaller bodies of batholiths
stocks
74
batholiths frequently form the core of
mountains
75
sedimentary rocks make up about ____ % of all rock outcrops on land
75%
76
how does sedimentary rock influence economic importantce
coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron/ aluminium
77
process leading to sedimentary rocks
physical / chemical wearthering
| weathering , erosion, transportation , depositions, burial compaction, diagenesis
78
lithifies sediment to make sedimentary rock
diagenesis
79
"detrital" solid particles, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone
silicastic sediminets
80
limestone, quartz (chert, flint), evaporites, (salt, gypsum) coal)
chemical and biological sediments
81
strength/ distance of transportation of sedimentary rocks affect
size, rounding,sorting of clastic particlse
82
short distance =
larger more angular rocks
83
long distance =
smaller, more rounded rocks
84
low intensity of weathering
quartz , feldspar, mica ,pyroxene, amphibole
85
medium intensity of weathering
quartz, feldspar, mica, clay, minerals
86
high intensity of weathering
quartz, clay, minerals
87
sedimentary rocks are produced through
lithification
88
loose sediments are transformed into solid rocks
lithification
89
precipitation or addition of new minerals cement sediment particles
cementation
90
burial squeezes out water
compaction
91
mud with pressure =
silt/siltstone, shale, clay, sandstone
92
sand with pressure =
sandstone
93
gravel with pressure
conglomerate
94
organic matter with pressure + 90-120 C
oil, gas, coal
95
features of sedimentary rocks
strata or beds, bedding planes separate strata
| fosssils
96
rapid despoitional events
graded bedding
97
example of graded bedding
turbidites
98
traces of animal activity, yields info on depositional environemt
bioturbation structures
99
yield information on despoitional environments and current direction
ripples
100
graded bedding is associated with _____
underwater debris flow
101
laminated ____ typically have no oxygen
sediments
102
"changed rocks"
metamorphic rocks
103
changes to rocks occur in what state
solid state
104
causes of metamorphism
internal heat of hearth
internal pressure of earth
fluid composition inside earth
105
_____ and _____ increase with depth in all regions
internal heath and pressure of the earth
106
______ gradient varies place to place
geothermal
107
______ gradient is about the same everywhere
pressure
108
temperature ________ with the depth of geothermal gradient
increases
109
role of fluids
metasomatism
110
the 3 role of fluids
introduce or remove chemical components
accelerate metamorphic chemical reactions
can alter mineral composition with little change in rock texture
111
directed pressures/ high temperatures during mountain building
regional metamorphism
112
what produces greatest volume of metamorphic rock
regional metamorphism
113
occurs near a body of magma where changes are driven by a rise in temperature
contact / thermal metamorphism
114
minerals are in a parallel alignment and are perpendicular to the compressional force
foliated texture
115
contain equidimensional crystals
| resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock
non foliated texture
116
more metamorphism = more
coarseness
117
formed under particular conditions of pressure and temperatures
metamorphic facies
118
( grouping of minerals -->
mineral assemblages
119
mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks provide info on
parent tock type
temperature (geothermometry)
pressure (geobarometry)
120
non-metallic mineral resources are used for
building materials / industrial minerals
121
examples of building materials that are non-metallic mineral resources
limestone and gypsum
122
examples of industrial materials that are non-metallic mineral resources
fluorite, corundum, sylvite
123
generated from hydrothermal (hot-water) solutions
metallic mineral resources
124
examples of metallic mineral resources
gold, silver,cooper, mercury, lead etc.
125
breaks down rock to smaller pieces
weathering
126
transportation of a material by a mobile agent
erosion
127
3 controls on weathering
climate
soil
time
128
role of water in chemical weathering
hydrolysis
129
atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in water to produce
carbonic acid HCO3
130
this acid can dissolve rocks especially calcite / limestone
carbonic acid
131
weathering of _____ such as feldspar removes CO2 from the atmosphere
silicates
132
the most stable minerals like iron oxides/ aluminum hydroxides, and clays are the ___ point of chemical weathering processes
end point
133
in Bowen's reaction series: first minerals to crystallize in series ( olivine ~ 1200 C) are more ______ to chemical weathering than the last ( Quartz ~600 C)
susceptible
134
ice has a greater ____ than liquid water
greater
135
water in cracks freezes and expands ~ cracking the rocks
frost wedging
136
when there are increases in slope steepness, there is more ____ and less ______
erosion and less chemical weathering
137
physical weathering _____ chemical weathering
| and chemical weathering _____ physical weathering
accelerates
| accelerates
138
chemical weathering is most effective in areas of ____ temps. and ____ moisture
warm temps and abundant moisture
139
creates unusual and spectacular rock formations / landforms
differential weathering
140
concentrates metals into economical deposits
secondary enrichments
141
removes undesired materials from desired materials
| carries desired elements to lower zones
secondary enrichmenets
142
example of secondary enrichments
getting bauxite from aluminum
143
Big export of georgia
kaolinite
144
the interface in earth's system
soil
145
steep slopes have ___ developed soils
poorly
146
flat to undulating upload surfaces
optimum slope
147
direction slope is facing
aspect
148
large increase in soil erosion. humans are incredibly effective erosional agents
farming
149
what composes of the topsoil
o Horizon and A horizon
150
what composes of the subsoil
B horizon
151
layer with most intense biological activity
O horizon
152
layer with leaching of soluble mineral compounds
A horizon
153
layer of accumulation of fine minerals/ mineral precipitates (clays / calcium carbonates)
B horizon
154
layer of regolith
C horizon
155
rock and mineral fragmenets
regolith
156
layers from top to bottom
```
O horizon
A horizon
E horizon?
B horizon
C horizon
Bedrock
```
157
how does sodium in soil work
most sodium (true soil) at top layer and decreases as it goes down
158
rain water carries dissolved ions and clays downward
leaching
159
causes reservoirs to fill with sediment / contamination by pesticides and fertilizers
soil erosion / sedimentation
160
processes by which masses of rock and soil move downslope
mass wasting
161
occurs when the force of gravity exceeds the strength of the material and it moves downslope
mass movement
162
influences for mass wasting
nature of slope materials (angle of repose)
| amount of water
163
destroys particle cohesion and water adds weight happens when
saturation of material with water
164
triggers of mass wasting
earthquake vibrations
rainfall / water infiltration
overloading
165
flow downhill at a high velocity on a cushion of air
rock avalanche
166
very slowly driven only by the tendency to move downhill
creep
167
pore water pressure is to a high enough level to support the weight of soil and rock along a curved surface
slumps
168
occur when fine ash is mixed with rainwater on the flanks of volcanoes
mudflow
169
high rainfall induces
earth flows and debris flow
170
causes fence and utility poles to tilt
creep
171
slow movement in layers underlain by permafrost.
| upper active soil layer becomes saturated and slowly flows over a frozen surface below
soil creep / solifluction
172
an earth flow is ____ and occurs in _____. _____ may happen
rapid
humid regions
liquefaction may happen
173
rapid flow of debris with water that is confined to channels and is composed mostly of volcanic materials called laharas
mud flow
174
land area that contributes water to a river system
drainage basins
175
separates drainage basins
divides
176
factors that determine the velocity of a stream flow
gradient /slope
| shape/size/roughness of the channel
177
drop in elevation divided by distance traveled
gradient
178
volume of water flowing in the stream
discharge
179
rougher stream channels = greater turbulence = ____ avg. velocity
decreased
180
straight of gently curved streams run like this
laminar flow
181
factors that decrease downstream
gradient/slope
channel roughness
grain size
182
lifting of loose particles
scour
183
transported material by a stream
stream's load
184
a stream's load is related to a stream's ___ and ____
competence (maximum particle size) and capacity (maximum load)
185
cohesive particles like clays require a ____ current to erode them
strong
186
stream with lower cross-sectional area / lower velocity =
lower discharge
187
sediment deposition occurs on the ____ of a bend
inside
188
erosion occurs on the ___ of a bend
outside
189
stream sediments
aluvium
190
during deposition of a stream what happens
decrease in velocity
competence is reduced
sediment begins to drop out
191
maximum particle size
competence
192
maximum load a stream can carry
capacity
193
form parallel to stream channel
natural levees
194
areas behind levees may contain back ___
swamps
195
lowest point a stream can erode to
base level
196
local base levels can be
waterfalls
197
uplift and river terraces are formed from
uplift
198
valleys are shaped by
mass wasting
weathering
overland flow
199
young river valleys are
"v-shaped"
| down cutting toward base level
200
in narrow valleys that are rapid, they can carry ___ than is being produced
more sediment
201
in wide valleys, there is ___ sediment than ___ ___
more sediment than river can carry
202
the stream is near the base level in this valley
downward erosion is less dominant
stream energy is directed from side to side
wide valleys
203
form in streams with large variations in flow combined with high sediment land in glacial areas
braided channels
204
type of drainage patters
dendritic
radial
rectangular
trellils
205
most common drainage pattern
dendritic
