Test Flashcards
How much money is spent on training every year?
100 billion
How many hours of training will employees go through each year?
40-45 hours
What is the definition of training?
The formal procedure that a company utilizes t facilitate learning so that the resultant behavior contributes to the attainment of the companies goals
What are the three kinds of learning? Define each one?
Declarative knowledge
Knowledge compilation
Procedural knowledge
What is a needs analysis? What are the steps in a needs analysis?
Needs analysis: process by which trainer determines the topic of training
What is on-the-job training?
Learn the job while observing another employee do the job
Define physical and psychological fidelity
Physical fidelity: the training environment looks like the job
Psychological fidelity: the training environment elicits the same KSAs as the job
What is self-directed learning? What is programmed instruction? What is computer-assisted instruction? What is the advantage of these self-directed learning methods?
Self-directed learning
Trainee manages learning process themselves
Programmed instruction: Variety of information presented to trainee in combination with learning principles to instruct and motivate
Computer-assisted instruction: similar to programmed instruction except that the trainee interacts with a computer
What are the two technological training methods?
Audiovisual techniques
Distance learning: delivery of material to participants who are separated geographically
Web-based training or e-learning
What is the definition of learning? What is the definition of overlearning? What is the difference between massed and spaced practice?
Learning- a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Overlearning – the process of giving trainees continued practice even after they have appeared to master the behavior, resulting in high levels of learning
Distributed practice – training in which the practice is divided into segments, usually with rest periods in between
Massed practice – training in which all the practice takes place at one time, without breaks
What is feedback? What is its effect on an employee?
Feedback: knowledge of results Three purposes: Informational Motivational Allows for goal setting
What is training transfer? What are some ways of increasing training transfer?
Training transfer: will the KSAOs learned in training be used on the job?
Situational cues
Consequences
What are Kirkpatrick’s four training evaluation criteria? What are the four forms of training validity?
Kirkpatrick’s criteria: Reactions Most common criteria used How do they react? Learning What did they learn Behaviors A measure of transfer Have they applied their new knowledge? Results Was it effective
What is behavioral modeling?
Behavioral modeling
Based on Bandura’s social learning theory
Learn by observing others (a model)
Corporate universities
Allows an organization to have continuous learning
Gives employees the chance to attend both mandatory and optional training
What are the three components of motivation?
– Direction • Choice of actions – Intensity • Level of effort – Duration • Persistence of activity over time
What is job rotation?
Rotate across many different jobs in the same company
Learn different aspects of the company and the job.
Apprenticeships
What is the most common method of training?
Classroom/lecture:
Still effective despite a bad reputation
What is Maslow’s Needs hierarchy theory? Is it supported by research? What is the best use of Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory?
Based on sequential ordering of human needs that individuals seek to fulfills in serial progression.
Begins with physiological needs and is completed upon self-actualization
Maslow proposed:
Behavior is based on unfulfilled needs
Needs are satisfied from basic to complex
Basic needs are always satisfied before higher level needs
not supported by research
What is equity theory?
someones value based on social comparison in reference to their output vs their input
What is expectancy theory?
individuals belief that they will achieve their goal when exerting a certain amount of effort
What is reinforcement theory? What law is the theory based upon?
Based on Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Theory is based on the schedule of rewards that are received for correct responses (good job performance)
Types of reward schedules:
What are the four reinforcement schedules?
-Fixed interval
are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
-Fixed ratio
are those where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses
-Variable interval
occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
-Variable ratio
occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.
What is goal-setting theory? What is a SMART goal?
Motivation based on directing one’s effort towards the attainment of specific goals that have been set or established
Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-bound
What is job characteristics theory?
Based on presence of dimensions or characteristics of jobs that induce expenditure or effort
Fred and Ferris (1987) found:
There exist multiple job characteristics, it is still unclear how many
Link between job characteristics and critical psychological states is not as strong as suspected
Individual motivation is related to job characteristics
