Test 3 (10,11,12,5)

Question 1

How does the idea of a general intelligence differ from the idea of multiple intelligences?

Answer 1

• General intelligence - one general ability
• Multiple intelligences - many dimensions of intelligence that are relatively unrelated

Question 2

What are the three types of intelligences proposed by Robert Sternberg?

Answer 2

Analytical: involves skills that enable you to do academically
Creative: ability to come up with novel and useful ideas
Practical: street smarts and common sense

Question 3

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 3

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotion in oneself and others
Tend to be happier and healthier people

Question 4

Who was Alfred Binet and what did he do?

Answer 4

Alfred Binet, (born July 8, 1857, Nice, France—died October 18, 1911, Paris), French psychologist who played a dominant role in the development of experimental psychology in France and who made fundamental contributions to the measurement of intelligence
(Binet scale)

Question 5

What does mental age refer to on the Binet-Simon scale?

Answer 5

refers to the level of performance associated with the particular chronological age

Question 6

Who was Louis Terman and how did he alter the Binet-Simon scale?

Answer 6

took Binet’s scale and adapted it to be used in the U.S
He added items to measure adult intelligence
Intelligent quotient (IQ)

Question 7

How was IQ originally calculated for the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer 7

(Mental Age /Chronological Age) X 100

Question 8

What was a major problem with early
intelligence tests?

Answer 8

o Culturally bias - whether someone scored high or low on the test was solely the result of knowing American culture
o Assumed bad scores meant stupid
o Labeled people and limited their opportunities

Question 9

What IQ tests are most commonly used today?

Answer 9

• Stanford-Binet scale used today
  WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
  WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) ages 6-16)
  WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) below age 6

Question 10

What is standardization in terms of intelligence testing?

Answer 10

giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level. It is important that intelligence tests be standardized on a regular basis, because the overall level of intelligence in a population may change over time

Question 11

How is IQ score determined for current IQ tests?

Answer 11

There are representative samples of people in different age groups - the scores from these representative samples provide norms for the test

Question 12

What are norms?

Answer 12

Norms - description of frequency of scores; how many people in the sample get each possible score on the test

Question 13

What is a normal distribution/bell curve?

Answer 13

Normal distribution: bell shaped curve
o X axis - possible IQ scores
o Y axis - how many people in the sample get each possible score

68% get an IQ score of 85-115
95% of people get an IQ score of 75-130

Question 14

What is the average IQ?

Answer 14

Whatever the average is for each age group, that number is labeled as 100 and the other results are based around that; the average IQ is 100

Question 15

What criteria must one typically meet to be considered gifted?

Answer 15

People with an IQ above 130 are considered to be gifted (top 2%)

Question 16

What criteria must one typically meet to be diagnosed with intellectual disability?

Answer 16

People with an IQ of 70 or below are considered to be intellectually disabled (bottom 2%)

Question 17

How is learning difference different from mental intellectual disability?

Answer 17

Intellectual disability: not just determined by IQ score; people with an IQ score below 70 AND major deficits in adaptive functioning/being unable to live on their own (handle finances, have a job) are considered intellectually disabled.

learning disability: process information different than other people; they have significant difficulty with some cognitive tasks and will have a normal or above normal IQ

Question 18

What is a cross-sectional study? What is a longitudinal study?

Answer 18

a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.

Question 19

What is fluid intelligence? crystallized intelligence? How do these tend to change with age?

Answer 19

Fluid intelligence is your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems. Crystallized intelligence is your stored knowledge, accumulated over the years. The two types work together and are equally important. They both increase through childhood.

Question 20

What is a cohort?

Answer 20

a group of individuals who share a similar characteristic or experience. The term usually refers to an age (or birth) cohort, that is, a group of individuals who are born in the same year and thus of similar age.

Question 21

What is savant syndrome?

Answer 21

People with savant syndrome are characterised by their remarkable talent in one or more domains (e.g. music, memory) but also by the presence of some form of developmental condition such as autism spectrum conditions (henceforth autism)

Question 22

What is the Flynn effect?

Answer 22

the phenomenon in which there is a marked increase in intelligence test score averages over time.

Question 23

What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests?

Answer 23

aptitude tests focus on the potential someone has to learn new things while achievement tests focus on what has already been learned.

Question 24

What is reliability?

Answer 24

consistency of scores overtime

Question 25

What is validity?

Answer 25

does the test claim to measure what it claims so

Question 26

What is content validity?

Answer 26

Content validity: how thoroughly does the test measure what it claims to

Question 27

What is predictive validity?

Answer 27

Predictive validity: does the test predict what it claims to

Question 28

What evidence suggests a genetic role in intelligence?

Answer 28

the more closely people are genetically related, the more similar their IQ test scores would be

Question 29

What evidence indicates an environmental role in intelligence?

Answer 29

home life, adopted
Poverty

Question 30

What are some ways that living in poverty influences intellectual development?

Answer 30

more developmental delays, emotional problems, and lower academic achievement.

Question 31

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 31

a situational predicament (difficult/unpleasant situation) in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group

Question 32

What is the correlation between IQ and income and IQ and net worth?

Answer 32

IQ has a positive correlation with income and cumulative wealth, and a negative correlation with IQ since IQ does not determine income

Question 33

Is there more to intelligence and success than what is measured by IQ tests?

Answer 33

IQ not a measure of personal wealth

Question 34

What qualities predicts academic success better than IQ in some studies?

Answer 34

Some studies show strong relationship between self control and discipline to success, matters more than IQ

Question 35

What is motivation?

Answer 35

the process that initiates and maintains certain behaviors that are needed to achieve goals

Question 36

What are the theories of motivation we covered and how do they explain motivation?

Answer 36

Instinct theory: All motivation arises from instincts
Automatic unlearned, involuntary, complex behaviors that are released in response to certain stimuli and consistent within a species
FOR THE TEST: IF THE EXAMPLE DOES NOT FIT THE DEFINITION IT IS NOT INSTINCT THEORY

Drive Reduction Theory
When there is a physiological imbalance that creates a need, which creates aroused state which is called a drive, that leads you to engage in behaviors to reduce to drive
Goal of DRT: Homeostasis, a steady internal state

Arousal Theory: motivated to attain a personal optimal level of arousal
Arousal, refers to the general activation level of the body and brain
Seek out stimulation when arousal level too low (aka bored)
Arousal can be too high, can create anxiety and discomfort, will seek out calmer less stimulating environments
Arousal level varies from person to person, some seek out more than others and it is genetically influenced

Incentive Theory
Indicates motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid unpleasant things
External forces

Question 37

How do the motivation theories differ from each other?

Answer 37

instincts: born with, intrinsic motivation
incentive: material motivation
drive: physiological motivation
arousal: how much motivation is best
Maslow’s: extrinsic and physical/safety needs

Question 38

What are instincts?

Answer 38

an inborn impulse or motivation to action typically performed in response to specific external stimuli

Question 39

What are the problems with Instinct Theory?

Answer 39

fails to explain human motives, instincts are not universal

Question 40

What is homeostasis?

Answer 40

The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regards to nutrients, water, adn temperature.

Question 41

What is arousal?

Answer 41

refers to the general activation level of the body and brain
Seek out stimulation when arousal level too low (aka bored)
Arousal can be too high, can create anxiety and discomfort, will seek out calmer less stimulating environments
Arousal level varies from person to person, some seek out more than others and it is genetically influenced

Question 42

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy? How are the six categories of needs hierarchically arranged?

Answer 42

At the bottom, psychological needs: need for food, water, oxygen, sleep: believed they take precedence over all others
Safety needs: safe place to live, away from danger, knowing where your next meal is coming from
Belongingness and love needs: feeling loved, accepted, and valued by others. Having close relationships, feeling a part of groups
Esteem needs: Need for achievements, to feel useful, have recognition from others for your abilities
Self-actualization needs: all that you are capable of being, own unique potential
Self-transcendence needs: beyond yourself, dedicate your life to helping others, could involve religious pursuits

Question 43

What does set-point refer to regarding body weight?

Answer 43

we seem to have a homeostatic body weight range
Set point is able to change based on diet and activity level, not necessarily stuck with it

Question 44

What is basal metabolic rate?

Answer 44

amount of calories you burn at rest, hunger, activity level

Question 45

How do our brains manipulate basal metabolic rate, activity level, and hunger to maintain the set-point?

Answer 45

Varies from person to person and is very high in heritability

Question 46

Can you change your set-point?

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

What evidence suggests that body weight is influenced by genes?

Answer 47

Ways that genes can affect body weight, how active or fidgety we can be, how many fat cells we have, can signal when our brain is full, influence the way we respond to reward

Question 48

Do the body weights of adopted individuals resemble their adoptive parents or their biological parents more?

Answer 48

no, their is no correlation between the two despite growing up in the same home

Question 49

In what ways might genes influence body weight?

Answer 49

appetite, satiety (the sense of fullness), metabolism, food cravings, body-fat distribution, and the tendency to use eating as a way to cope with stress

Question 50

What are some environmental influences on eating?

Answer 50

Tend to eat a lot more if there is a variety: think buffets
Tend to eat more when in a group of people
Eat more if we’re eating off bigger plates or bowls
Bigger portion size, you’ll eat more
Eat when we are bored or stressed: rats do the same thing

Question 51

Are people bullied more for their race, their weight, or their sexual orientation?

Answer 51

weight

Question 52

What does it mean that hormones mainly have a permissive influence on sexual behavior in humans?

Answer 52

Various hormones that influence sexual hormones, but mainly have a premise influence: as long as you have enough, anything beyond that does not really have an effect
Do not have as big as an impact as we think

Question 53

Why is the brain said to be the most important sexual organ?

Answer 53

Enjoyment of sexual acitvity depends on how you interept the situation: attitude towards the person, situation

Question 54

In what ways can porn have negative effects on people’s attitudes and sexual behaviors?

Answer 54

can include addiction, isolation, increased aggression, distorted beliefs and perceptions about relationships and sexuality, negative feelings about themselves, and neglecting other areas of their lives

Question 55

Is there a genetic influence on sexual orientation? What is the older-brother effect?

Answer 55

theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences

Older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males or, alternatively, homosexual men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men

Question 56

How is sexual orientation like handedness?

Answer 56

heterosexual individuals are somewhat more likely to be right-handed than are homosexual individuals

Question 57

What do studies indicate regarding the effects of social rejection?

Answer 57

Aggression and depression
Performance
Pain tolerance

Question 58

What is intrinsic motivation? extrinsic motivation?

Answer 58

Intrinsic Motivation: desire to do a task because it is inherently enjoyable, doing it bc is fun for you
Extrinsic Motivation: external reward or do avoid punishment and judgment by others

Question 59

What can happen when someone is given extrinsic motivators for activities that are already intrinsically motivated (this is known as the overjustification
effect)?

Answer 59

offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behavior can reduce intrinsic motivation—a phenomenon known as the overjustification effect. This is not to suggest that extrinsic motivation is a bad thing—it can be beneficial in some situations

Question 60

What is I/O psychology?

Answer 60

the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace

Question 61

What are some factors that influence worker productivity and satisfaction?

Answer 61

Work Environment. As you can imagine, no one enjoys working in a negative or toxic environment.
Sense of control
Praise
Clear feedback
Know their roles/expectations

Question 62

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 62

a model of the relationship between stress and task performance. It proposes that you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress, or arousal. Too little or too much arousal results in poorer performance. This is also known as the inverted-U model of arousal

Question 63

What is meant by affiliation need?

Answer 63

the desire to have personal relationships with other individuals, which manifests itself in the urge to form friendships and attachments and to join organizations and enjoy social gatherings (seeking approval of others)

Question 64

What is ostracism?

Answer 64

being ignored and excluded by individuals or groups

Question 65

What are emotions (definition)?

Answer 65

mix of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and consciously experienced thoughts

Question 66

What parts of the nervous system is responsible for the physiological changes
associated with emotion?

Answer 66

Sympathetic: fight or flight, associated with emotions, initial decision when you react to something
Hormones: adrenaline, norepinephrine
Parasympathetic: associated with emotions, calm yourself down, hormones: acetylcholine

Question 67

Is every emotion associated with a unique pattern of physiological changes?

Answer 67

No, patterns of activation are not entirely specific

Question 68

James-Lang-Theory?

Answer 68

when there is an emotionally arousing event, that will trigger a specific change in physiology and behavior. That change/experience produces a certain emotion.

Question 69

What is one of the major problems with the James-Lange Theory?

Answer 69

that physical reactions don’t have a single corresponding emotion

Question 70

What are the facial feedback and behavioral feedback phenomena?

Answer 70

Facial feedback phenomenon: changes in facial produces corresponding changes in emotion
Behavior feedback phenomenon:
Tactical breathing: slow down their breathing in order to decrease their fear

Question 71

What is a polygraph? What does it measure?

Answer 71

measures skin conductance, blood pressure, breathing rate, and pulse. Does not really measure lies, measures physiological arousal. Cannot distinguish differences among fear, anxiety, anger, guilt, deception, or sexual arousal.

Question 72

What are the problems associated with polygraphs? How accurate is it? How is it most likely to err?

Answer 72

It is wrong about 30% of the time, when it is wrong it is easy to label innocent people as guilty, rather than guilty people as innocent.

Question 73

What is cognitive appraisal?

Answer 73

the personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences the extent to which the situation is perceived as stressful

Question 74

What is transferred excitation/the spillover effect?

Answer 74

arousal from one situation intensifies emotion associated with another situation

Question 75

What are the primary and secondary emotions and how do they differ?

Answer 75

Primary emotions are innate and unlearned and mainly deal with emotions. They occur in the first six months of life and are expressed cross culturally.
Secondary/self-conscious emotions deal with a deeper level of emotional thinking. They are not as clearly interpreted, not consistent, they develop between one and a half to 2 1/2 years, children must be self-aware

Question 76

What is the mirror-and-rouge test?

Answer 76

A test to see if children are self-aware and can identify themselves (dolphin video: being able to see themselves in reflection)

Question 77

What are some factors that are related to happiness? What factors are not much to
happiness?

Answer 77

social relationships, temperament/adaptation, money, society and culture/religion
Not much: Age, gender, attractiveness

Question 78

What is the relationship between money and happiness?

Answer 78

Money does buy happiness
People who have less, and acquire more can increase happiness
Researchers have found over 20 years when minimum wage increases by a dollar, suicide rates decrease by 3-6%

Question 79

What is meant by diminishing returns?

Answer 79

However, once you have enough for comfort and sense of security, acquiring more money can make diminishing returns (as you acquire more and more money it adds less to your happiness)

Question 80

What is the relationship between income inequality and happiness, and why hasn’t economic growth resulted in greater happiness?

Answer 80

greater income inequality raises the economic growth of poor countries and decreases the growth of high- and middle-income countries

Question 81

In what way is happiness related
to how people spend their money?

Answer 81

Happiness can depend on what we spend our money on, experiences (vacation) over objects (new furniture)
Cross culturally even among children spending money on someone else tends to create more happiness for them rather than spending money on themselves

Question 82

How are social comparisons related to happiness?

Answer 82

If we compare ourselves to people who have less than we do, we’ll be more satisfied with what we have

Question 83

What is meant by relative deprivation?

Answer 83

if we compare ourselves to people who have more than we do, we will experience a sense of relative deprivation: (feel deprived in relation to people who have more)

Question 84

What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?

Answer 84

major events good or bad do not have a major effect on our long term happiness as we think they will
Ex: winning the lottery makes their lives great. After the initial thrill wears off, they are not happier than others. No big impact on long term happiness

Question 85

How does adaptation-level phenomenon relate to the tendency for people to misjudge the effect of major events on their long-term happiness?

Answer 85

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Major events don’t have as great an impact on long-term happiness as we think they well we eventually adjust to our new situation.

Question 86

How does stress affect health?

Answer 86

sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight. Can cause elevated blood pressure, heart rate can lead to high blood pressure and heart disease

Question 87

What is meant by the terms Type A and Type B personalities?

Answer 87

Type A: people: driven, more prone to stress, logical, organized
Type B: go with the flow

Question 88

How is perceived control related to stress, health, poverty, and death?

Answer 88

have the pinion that you can do something to fix a stressful event

Question 89

What is tyranny of choice?

Answer 89

more options → greater happiness

Question 90

Is optimism beneficial?

Answer 90

effects on coping, greater perception of control, better health outcomes

Question 91

What are the benefits of social support? Exercise? Relaxation/meditation? Religious faith?

Answer 91

Social support: extremely important when dealing with stress bc reminds you that you are not alone

Exercise: can be more beneficial than antidepressants boosts health and mood

Meditation and others methods: herbal methods, etc can relax you

Religion: ppl who are highly religious tend to live healthier lifestyles

Question 92

What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?

Answer 92

recalling a happy event or feeling happy makes people do good deeds

Question 93

What do developmental psychologists study?

Answer 93

changes in human development across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth

Question 94

What factors are involved in the development of voluntarily controlled movement?

Answer 94

1. Sucking, grasping, rooting, stepping
2. Disappear over time as the baby becomes capable of voluntary controlled movements

Question 95

How do researchers study what infants know, remember, and sense? What is habituation?

Answer 95

Difficult to study, cant talk and do not follow directions
By measuring what babies look at and for how long they look at it we can get some idea of what babies understand, perceive, and remember

the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus

Question 96

How did Piaget view cognitive development?

Answer 96

: Famous and influential swiss psychologist: developed the most influential theory of cognitive development
Kids are not passive learners, but active learners. kids are actively trying to figure out how things work
Also believed earning occurs in stages and are qualitatively different than the thinking in other stages
Thinks their thought process are different than those in adults

Question 97

Know the stages of his theory and the characteristics of thinking associated with each period (such as object permanence,
egocentrism, theory of mind, conservation, mental representations, mental operations, etc.).

Answer 97

sensory motor period
Starts at birth and ends at 2 years
Babies trying to figure out how the world works through their sensory and motor interactions with their environments (how to move themselves around in order to get what they want)
Includes sensations
Babies live entirely in the present moment bc they lacked the ability to form: mental representations
Out of sight literally means out of mind to them
Illustrated by a lack of object permanence: understanding that things continue to exist even if you are not currently perceiving them
If a toy rolls away and they don’t see it or hear it, they will not look for it, it no longer exists in their world

Preoperational period
2-7 years old
Egocentrism: Early on in this stage, kids have difficulty taking on another point of view
Theory of mind: being able to imagine the world from someone else’s view point and understanding that others have minds separate from one’s own
Has a big impact on their social functioning, if they are having a conversation with someone they are not thinking about how the other person is not as interested as the other

Concrete and Formal stages
Concrete operational period: once they reach this stage they are able to perform simplemmental operations, simple logic (only concrete things, stuff that exists in the real world), able to perform conservation tasks successfully, but they are still limited
7 years adolescence
Simple mental operations
Formal operational period
Adolescence (12-13) and lasts throughout life
More capable of abstract thinking (things like algebra)
They are better able to consider hypothetical situatio

Question 98

How is theory of mind related to autism?

Answer 98

impairment of theory of mind may relate to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterised by profound difficulties in social interaction and communication

Question 99

What are schemas?

Answer 99

mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour

Question 100

What is temperament? On what is it based?

Answer 100

includes behavioral traits such as sociability (outgoing or shy), emotionality (easy-going or quick to react), activity level (high or low energy), attention level (focused or easily distracted), and persistence (determined or easily discouraged)

Question 101

What are the temperament classifications for babies?

Answer 101

Easy babies: predictable, easy going, establish routines pretty regularly, react well to new situations
Difficult babies: tend to be fussy and irritable, show a lot of negative emotion, do not establish routines very easily, tend to find new situations overwhelming
Slow-to-warm-up babies: in-between, less emotionally expressive, nervous in new situations, but do slowly come to enjoy them

Question 102

What is attachment?

Answer 102

an emotional bond

Question 103

What did Harlow’s monkeys reveal about attachment and maternal instinct?

Answer 103

Suggests contact comfort might be an important form of bonding, seemed to matter more than the food
Studies have shown baby monkeys are less distressed if they can reach out and touch her fur
Conclusion: Premature babies will develop faster if they are touched and massaged, cognitive development

Question 104

What is the strange situation test?

Answer 104

Secure attachment: most common behavior pattern, in strange situations the child will eventually wander away from the parent and play with some toys in the room. Will go to its parents (usually with mother) every so often to check in, then continue to play more. When the parent leaves, they become distressed/upset. When the parent comes back, goes to the parent, is comforted, and they are calm pretty quickly.
Explore, play, check in, distress upon separation

Question 105

What characterizes secure attachment, insecure avoidant attachment, and insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment in childhood and adulthood?

Answer 105

secure attachment: Children with secure attachment prefer their caregiver over strangers, seek comfort in their caregiver. Feel protected and that they have someone to rely on.

insecure attachment: Periodically return to their parents to check in. Sensitive and Responsive to their needs. When parents return, they feel better.

insecure avoidant: Avoid or ignore caretaker. When parents leaves/returns do not care. Parents are neglectful or abusive- rejecting of the kids needs

ambivalent/resistant: Rarely go out and explore the toys in the room. They do not want to leave the parents side. When the parent leaves the room, they become very upset. When the parent returns, does not make them feel better.

Question 106

How do authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and negligent parents differ?

Answer 106

Authoritative : firm, demanding, and consistent, but provide kids with affection. Explain the rules, which seem to be important
Parents

Authoritarian: will tear you apart, mean
Parents: harsh, punitive, unsympathetic, they provide very little praise or warmth

Permissive
Parents: Lots of freedom with few rules

Neglectful
Parents: provide basic needs, food, shelter, clothing, but avoid getting emotionally involved with their kids

Question 107

What child characteristics are associated with these different types of parents?

Answer 107

Kids with authoritative parents: tend to be more successful, responsible, and higher self esteem

Kids with authoritarian unfriendly distrustful, withdrawn

Kids with permissive end to be immature, aggressive, and unhappy

Kids with neglectful tend to turn out worst of all, tend to be delinquent, low achievement, low self-esteem

Question 108

What are gender roles?

Answer 108

refer to a culture’s expectations regarding what is normal and appropriate behavior (socially constructed)

Question 109

How does gender differ from sex?

Answer 109

Gender: social defined characteristics of males and females, Sex: refers to biological of being female or male

Question 110

What messages do boys and girls get regarding the gender roles of males and females in American culture?

Answer 110

Males
main characters, solve problems, give orders, rescue
Parents are more likely to encourage the male characters to: Achieve, compete, independence

Females
Appearance is emphasized, over sexualized, submissive
Parents are more likely to encourage female characters to: Expressive, nurturing, dependent, unselfish

Question 111

What is adolescence?

Answer 111

period between childhood and adulthood, roughly corresponds to the teen years

Question 112

What major physical changes take place during adolescence? What happens in the brain during adolescence?

Answer 112

Puberty involves a series of body changes resulting in the capability of reproductive capability
Brain
Pruning
Prefrontal cortex: still not fully mature, poorer judgment, impulsive

Question 113

Is the prefrontal cortex fully mature in adolescence?

Answer 113

occurs primarily during adolescence and is fully accomplished at the age of 25 years

Question 114

Who postulated the existence of an identity crisis? When does it occur? What is it?

Answer 114

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages- In each stage, a person experiences a particular challenge. The major challenge was to create a unique, consistent sense of self. Teenagers may notice that they behave very differently based on who they are with

Notes from class:
Psychosocial changes: in each stages a person faces certain challenges (crisis)
Notice they’re different people depending on who they are with vs their friends vs teachers or parents, start to question who they are
Leads to exploring new identities: way they dress, people they hang out with, music, read, etc to make an integrated identity

Question 115

What is metacognition and how does it relate to formal operations and adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 115

the ability to think about thinking. Their own thoughts and the thoughts of others. Allows them to be self-conscious. Teenagers overestimate the extent to which other people are thinking about.

they assume other people are always thinking about them. Teenagers see themselves as a starring role in their own drama, as everyone else is part of a supporting cast

Question 116

What is early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood?

Answer 116

Early adulthood (20-39)
Peak- between the mid-20’s
Muscle strength highest, senses highest, reaction time lowest, cardiac output

Middle adulthood (40-65)
Depends on health and exercise- more than age

Late adulthood (65+)- Evidence of Physical Decline

Question 117

When do people typically reach their physical peak?

Answer 117

Between the mid-20’s

Question 118

What helps slow physical and cognitive decline as people age?

Answer 118

physical activity has been linked to improved cognitive performance and reduced risk for Alzheimer’s disease. taking care of yourself. diet, exercise, happiness, etc

Question 119

What characterizes happy marriages?

Answer 119

financial stability, trust, communication, emotionally intimate sharing thoughts and feelings, bad sex makes a bad marriage but good sex doesn’t mean a good marriage, respect for each other, support emotionally and financially, shared interests and values, perceived equity (feeling that you’re getting as much as you’re giving).

Researchers have found a predictor if the marriage will last: if a couple has 5 positive interactions for every 1 negative interaction they are more likely to stay together

Question 120

What factors influence whether couples are satisfied with parenting?

Answer 120

Married- happier, healthier, more sexually and financially satisfied than people who remain single (correlational evidence)

Factors affecting satisfaction- both partners contribute their equal share to caring for the behavior, marital satisfaction declines

Gay/lesbian usually happier parents. no typically assigned gender roles

Question 121

How do emotions generally change through adulthood?

Answer 121

Older adults report fewer negative emotions as well as more emotional stability and well-being than younger people
amygdala (fear) diminishes as you age

Question 122

What predicts depression and mental decline in the elderly and why?

Answer 122

death/grief
satisfaction with what you have accomplished in life
physical health
dementia and alzheimer’s

Question 123

Cannon-Bard-Theory?

Answer 123

when there is an emotionally arousing event, that will trigger a non specific change in physiology and behavior, and at the same time it will trigger an emotion. Neither one causes the other.
Difference: In lang’s theory there is a specific pattern of change that triggers the emotion, in this, they arise from separate pathways.

Question 124

Two factor theory?

Answer 124

When there is an emotionally arousing event that will trigger a non-specific change in physiology and behavior, this sudden change alerts the brain that something is going on and needs to pay attention. Then you evaluate the situation and you experience an emotion based on your cognitive appraisal of the arousal in the situation.
Only theory we talked about that includes a role for thinking
Event → nonspecific physiological and behavioral changes → cognitive interpretation/appraisal emotion

Question 125

Erikson’s Stages

Answer 125

Infancy – Basic trust versus mistrust.
Toddler – Autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Preschool-age – Initiative versus guilt.
School-age – Industry versus inferiority.
Adolescence – Identity versus identity confusion.
Young adulthood – Intimacy versus isolation.