Test 3 (10,11,12,5) Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
How does the idea of a general intelligence differ from the idea of multiple intelligences?
A
- General intelligence - one general ability
- Multiple intelligences - many dimensions of intelligence that are relatively unrelated
2
Q
What are the three types of intelligences proposed by Robert Sternberg?
A
Analytical: involves skills that enable you to do academically
Creative: ability to come up with novel and useful ideas
Practical: street smarts and common sense
3
Q
What is emotional intelligence?
A
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotion in oneself and others
Tend to be happier and healthier people
4
Q
Who was Alfred Binet and what did he do?
A
Alfred Binet, (born July 8, 1857, Nice, France—died October 18, 1911, Paris), French psychologist who played a dominant role in the development of experimental psychology in France and who made fundamental contributions to the measurement of intelligence
(Binet scale)
5
Q
What does mental age refer to on the Binet-Simon scale?
A
refers to the level of performance associated with the particular chronological age
6
Q
Who was Louis Terman and how did he alter the Binet-Simon scale?
A
took Binet’s scale and adapted it to be used in the U.S
He added items to measure adult intelligence
Intelligent quotient (IQ)
7
Q
How was IQ originally calculated for the Stanford-Binet test?
A
(Mental Age /Chronological Age) X 100
8
Q
What was a major problem with early
intelligence tests?
A
o Culturally bias - whether someone scored high or low on the test was solely the result of knowing American culture
o Assumed bad scores meant stupid
o Labeled people and limited their opportunities
9
Q
What IQ tests are most commonly used today?
A
- Stanford-Binet scale used today
WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) ages 6-16)
WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) below age 6
10
Q
What is standardization in terms of intelligence testing?
A
giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level. It is important that intelligence tests be standardized on a regular basis, because the overall level of intelligence in a population may change over time
11
Q
How is IQ score determined for current IQ tests?
A
There are representative samples of people in different age groups - the scores from these representative samples provide norms for the test
12
Q
What are norms?
A
Norms - description of frequency of scores; how many people in the sample get each possible score on the test
13
Q
What is a normal distribution/bell curve?
A
Normal distribution: bell shaped curve
o X axis - possible IQ scores
o Y axis - how many people in the sample get each possible score
68% get an IQ score of 85-115
95% of people get an IQ score of 75-130
14
Q
What is the average IQ?
A
Whatever the average is for each age group, that number is labeled as 100 and the other results are based around that; the average IQ is 100
15
Q
What criteria must one typically meet to be considered gifted?
A
People with an IQ above 130 are considered to be gifted (top 2%)
16
Q
What criteria must one typically meet to be diagnosed with intellectual disability?
A
People with an IQ of 70 or below are considered to be intellectually disabled (bottom 2%)
17
Q
How is learning difference different from mental intellectual disability?
A
Intellectual disability: not just determined by IQ score; people with an IQ score below 70 AND major deficits in adaptive functioning/being unable to live on their own (handle finances, have a job) are considered intellectually disabled.
learning disability: process information different than other people; they have significant difficulty with some cognitive tasks and will have a normal or above normal IQ
18
Q
What is a cross-sectional study? What is a longitudinal study?
A
a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.
19
Q
What is fluid intelligence? crystallized intelligence? How do these tend to change with age?
A
Fluid intelligence is your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems. Crystallized intelligence is your stored knowledge, accumulated over the years. The two types work together and are equally important. They both increase through childhood.
20
Q
What is a cohort?
A
a group of individuals who share a similar characteristic or experience. The term usually refers to an age (or birth) cohort, that is, a group of individuals who are born in the same year and thus of similar age.
21
Q
What is savant syndrome?
A
People with savant syndrome are characterised by their remarkable talent in one or more domains (e.g. music, memory) but also by the presence of some form of developmental condition such as autism spectrum conditions (henceforth autism)
22
Q
What is the Flynn effect?
A
the phenomenon in which there is a marked increase in intelligence test score averages over time.
23
Q
What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests?
A
aptitude tests focus on the potential someone has to learn new things while achievement tests focus on what has already been learned.
24
Q
What is reliability?
A
consistency of scores overtime
25
What is validity?
does the test claim to measure what it claims so
26
What is content validity?
Content validity: how thoroughly does the test measure what it claims to
27
What is predictive validity?
Predictive validity: does the test predict what it claims to
28
What evidence suggests a genetic role in intelligence?
the more closely people are genetically related, the more similar their IQ test scores would be
29
What evidence indicates an environmental role in intelligence?
home life, adopted
Poverty
30
What are some ways that living in poverty influences intellectual development?
more developmental delays, emotional problems, and lower academic achievement.
31
What is stereotype threat?
a situational predicament (difficult/unpleasant situation) in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group
32
What is the correlation between IQ and income and IQ and net worth?
IQ has a positive correlation with income and cumulative wealth, and a negative correlation with IQ since IQ does not determine income
33
Is there more to intelligence and success than what is measured by IQ tests?
IQ not a measure of personal wealth
34
What qualities predicts academic success better than IQ in some studies?
Some studies show strong relationship between self control and discipline to success, matters more than IQ
35
What is motivation?
the process that initiates and maintains certain behaviors that are needed to achieve goals
36
What are the theories of motivation we covered and how do they explain motivation?
Instinct theory: All motivation arises from instincts
Automatic unlearned, involuntary, complex behaviors that are released in response to certain stimuli and consistent within a species
FOR THE TEST: IF THE EXAMPLE DOES NOT FIT THE DEFINITION IT IS NOT INSTINCT THEORY
Drive Reduction Theory
When there is a physiological imbalance that creates a need, which creates aroused state which is called a drive, that leads you to engage in behaviors to reduce to drive
Goal of DRT: Homeostasis, a steady internal state
Arousal Theory: motivated to attain a personal optimal level of arousal
Arousal, refers to the general activation level of the body and brain
Seek out stimulation when arousal level too low (aka bored)
Arousal can be too high, can create anxiety and discomfort, will seek out calmer less stimulating environments
Arousal level varies from person to person, some seek out more than others and it is genetically influenced
Incentive Theory
Indicates motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid unpleasant things
External forces
37
How do the motivation theories differ from each other?
instincts: born with, intrinsic motivation
incentive: material motivation
drive: physiological motivation
arousal: how much motivation is best
Maslow's: extrinsic and physical/safety needs
38
What are instincts?
an inborn impulse or motivation to action typically performed in response to specific external stimuli
39
What are the problems with Instinct Theory?
fails to explain human motives, instincts are not universal
40
What is homeostasis?
The body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regards to nutrients, water, adn temperature.
41
What is arousal?
refers to the general activation level of the body and brain
Seek out stimulation when arousal level too low (aka bored)
Arousal can be too high, can create anxiety and discomfort, will seek out calmer less stimulating environments
Arousal level varies from person to person, some seek out more than others and it is genetically influenced
42
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy? How are the six categories of needs hierarchically arranged?
At the bottom, psychological needs: need for food, water, oxygen, sleep: believed they take precedence over all others
Safety needs: safe place to live, away from danger, knowing where your next meal is coming from
Belongingness and love needs: feeling loved, accepted, and valued by others. Having close relationships, feeling a part of groups
Esteem needs: Need for achievements, to feel useful, have recognition from others for your abilities
Self-actualization needs: all that you are capable of being, own unique potential
Self-transcendence needs: beyond yourself, dedicate your life to helping others, could involve religious pursuits
43
What does set-point refer to regarding body weight?
we seem to have a homeostatic body weight range
Set point is able to change based on diet and activity level, not necessarily stuck with it
44
What is basal metabolic rate?
amount of calories you burn at rest, hunger, activity level
45
How do our brains manipulate basal metabolic rate, activity level, and hunger to maintain the set-point?
Varies from person to person and is very high in heritability
46
Can you change your set-point?
yes
47
What evidence suggests that body weight is influenced by genes?
Ways that genes can affect body weight, how active or fidgety we can be, how many fat cells we have, can signal when our brain is full, influence the way we respond to reward
48
Do the body weights of adopted individuals resemble their adoptive parents or their biological parents more?
no, their is no correlation between the two despite growing up in the same home
49
In what ways might genes influence body weight?
appetite, satiety (the sense of fullness), metabolism, food cravings, body-fat distribution, and the tendency to use eating as a way to cope with stress
50
What are some environmental influences on eating?
Tend to eat a lot more if there is a variety: think buffets
Tend to eat more when in a group of people
Eat more if we’re eating off bigger plates or bowls
Bigger portion size, you’ll eat more
Eat when we are bored or stressed: rats do the same thing
51
Are people bullied more for their race, their weight, or their sexual orientation?
weight
52
What does it mean that hormones mainly have a permissive influence on sexual behavior in humans?
Various hormones that influence sexual hormones, but mainly have a premise influence: as long as you have enough, anything beyond that does not really have an effect
Do not have as big as an impact as we think
53
Why is the brain said to be the most important sexual organ?
Enjoyment of sexual acitvity depends on how you interept the situation: attitude towards the person, situation
54
In what ways can porn have negative effects on people’s attitudes and sexual behaviors?
can include addiction, isolation, increased aggression, distorted beliefs and perceptions about relationships and sexuality, negative feelings about themselves, and neglecting other areas of their lives
55
Is there a genetic influence on sexual orientation? What is the older-brother effect?
theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences
Older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males or, alternatively, homosexual men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men
56
How is sexual orientation like handedness?
heterosexual individuals are somewhat more likely to be right-handed than are homosexual individuals
57
What do studies indicate regarding the effects of social rejection?
Aggression and depression
Performance
Pain tolerance
58
What is intrinsic motivation? extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic Motivation: desire to do a task because it is inherently enjoyable, doing it bc is fun for you
Extrinsic Motivation: external reward or do avoid punishment and judgment by others
59
What can happen when someone is given extrinsic motivators for activities that are already intrinsically motivated (this is known as the overjustification
effect)?
offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behavior can reduce intrinsic motivation—a phenomenon known as the overjustification effect. This is not to suggest that extrinsic motivation is a bad thing—it can be beneficial in some situations
60
What is I/O psychology?
the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace
61
What are some factors that influence worker productivity and satisfaction?
Work Environment. As you can imagine, no one enjoys working in a negative or toxic environment.
Sense of control
Praise
Clear feedback
Know their roles/expectations
62
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
a model of the relationship between stress and task performance. It proposes that you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress, or arousal. Too little or too much arousal results in poorer performance. This is also known as the inverted-U model of arousal
63
What is meant by affiliation need?
the desire to have personal relationships with other individuals, which manifests itself in the urge to form friendships and attachments and to join organizations and enjoy social gatherings (seeking approval of others)
64
What is ostracism?
being ignored and excluded by individuals or groups
65
What are emotions (definition)?
mix of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and consciously experienced thoughts
66
What parts of the nervous system is responsible for the physiological changes
associated with emotion?
Sympathetic: fight or flight, associated with emotions, initial decision when you react to something
Hormones: adrenaline, norepinephrine
Parasympathetic: associated with emotions, calm yourself down, hormones: acetylcholine
67
Is every emotion associated with a unique pattern of physiological changes?
No, patterns of activation are not entirely specific
68
James-Lang-Theory?
when there is an emotionally arousing event, that will trigger a specific change in physiology and behavior. That change/experience produces a certain emotion.
69
What is one of the major problems with the James-Lange Theory?
that physical reactions don't have a single corresponding emotion
70
What are the facial feedback and behavioral feedback phenomena?
Facial feedback phenomenon: changes in facial produces corresponding changes in emotion
Behavior feedback phenomenon:
Tactical breathing: slow down their breathing in order to decrease their fear
71
What is a polygraph? What does it measure?
measures skin conductance, blood pressure, breathing rate, and pulse. Does not really measure lies, measures physiological arousal. Cannot distinguish differences among fear, anxiety, anger, guilt, deception, or sexual arousal.
72
What are the problems associated with polygraphs? How accurate is it? How is it most likely to err?
It is wrong about 30% of the time, when it is wrong it is easy to label innocent people as guilty, rather than guilty people as innocent.
73
What is cognitive appraisal?
the personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences the extent to which the situation is perceived as stressful
74
What is transferred excitation/the spillover effect?
arousal from one situation intensifies emotion associated with another situation
75
What are the primary and secondary emotions and how do they differ?
Primary emotions are innate and unlearned and mainly deal with emotions. They occur in the first six months of life and are expressed cross culturally.
Secondary/self-conscious emotions deal with a deeper level of emotional thinking. They are not as clearly interpreted, not consistent, they develop between one and a half to 2 1/2 years, children must be self-aware
76
What is the mirror-and-rouge test?
A test to see if children are self-aware and can identify themselves (dolphin video: being able to see themselves in reflection)
77
What are some factors that are related to happiness? What factors are not much to
happiness?
social relationships, temperament/adaptation, money, society and culture/religion
Not much: Age, gender, attractiveness
78
What is the relationship between money and happiness?
Money does buy happiness
People who have less, and acquire more can increase happiness
Researchers have found over 20 years when minimum wage increases by a dollar, suicide rates decrease by 3-6%
79
What is meant by diminishing returns?
However, once you have enough for comfort and sense of security, acquiring more money can make diminishing returns (as you acquire more and more money it adds less to your happiness)
80
What is the relationship between income inequality and happiness, and why hasn’t economic growth resulted in greater happiness?
greater income inequality raises the economic growth of poor countries and decreases the growth of high- and middle-income countries
81
In what way is happiness related
to how people spend their money?
Happiness can depend on what we spend our money on, experiences (vacation) over objects (new furniture)
Cross culturally even among children spending money on someone else tends to create more happiness for them rather than spending money on themselves
82
How are social comparisons related to happiness?
If we compare ourselves to people who have less than we do, we’ll be more satisfied with what we have
83
What is meant by relative deprivation?
if we compare ourselves to people who have more than we do, we will experience a sense of relative deprivation: (feel deprived in relation to people who have more)
84
What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?
major events good or bad do not have a major effect on our long term happiness as we think they will
Ex: winning the lottery makes their lives great. After the initial thrill wears off, they are not happier than others. No big impact on long term happiness
85
How does adaptation-level phenomenon relate to the tendency for people to misjudge the effect of major events on their long-term happiness?
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Major events don't have as great an impact on long-term happiness as we think they well we eventually adjust to our new situation.
86
How does stress affect health?
sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight. Can cause elevated blood pressure, heart rate can lead to high blood pressure and heart disease
87
What is meant by the terms Type A and Type B personalities?
Type A: people: driven, more prone to stress, logical, organized
Type B: go with the flow
88
How is perceived control related to stress, health, poverty, and death?
have the pinion that you can do something to fix a stressful event
89
What is tyranny of choice?
more options → greater happiness
90
Is optimism beneficial?
effects on coping, greater perception of control, better health outcomes
91
What are the benefits of social support? Exercise? Relaxation/meditation? Religious faith?
Social support: extremely important when dealing with stress bc reminds you that you are not alone
Exercise: can be more beneficial than antidepressants boosts health and mood
Meditation and others methods: herbal methods, etc can relax you
Religion: ppl who are highly religious tend to live healthier lifestyles
92
What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?
recalling a happy event or feeling happy makes people do good deeds
93
What do developmental psychologists study?
changes in human development across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth
94
What factors are involved in the development of voluntarily controlled movement?
1. Sucking, grasping, rooting, stepping
2. Disappear over time as the baby becomes capable of voluntary controlled movements
95
How do researchers study what infants know, remember, and sense? What is habituation?
Difficult to study, cant talk and do not follow directions
By measuring what babies look at and for how long they look at it we can get some idea of what babies understand, perceive, and remember
the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus
96
How did Piaget view cognitive development?
: Famous and influential swiss psychologist: developed the most influential theory of cognitive development
Kids are not passive learners, but active learners. kids are actively trying to figure out how things work
Also believed earning occurs in stages and are qualitatively different than the thinking in other stages
Thinks their thought process are different than those in adults
97
Know the stages of his theory and the characteristics of thinking associated with each period (such as object permanence,
egocentrism, theory of mind, conservation, mental representations, mental operations, etc.).
sensory motor period
Starts at birth and ends at 2 years
Babies trying to figure out how the world works through their sensory and motor interactions with their environments (how to move themselves around in order to get what they want)
Includes sensations
Babies live entirely in the present moment bc they lacked the ability to form: mental representations
Out of sight literally means out of mind to them
Illustrated by a lack of object permanence: understanding that things continue to exist even if you are not currently perceiving them
If a toy rolls away and they don’t see it or hear it, they will not look for it, it no longer exists in their world
Preoperational period
2-7 years old
Egocentrism: Early on in this stage, kids have difficulty taking on another point of view
Theory of mind: being able to imagine the world from someone else’s view point and understanding that others have minds separate from one’s own
Has a big impact on their social functioning, if they are having a conversation with someone they are not thinking about how the other person is not as interested as the other
Concrete and Formal stages
Concrete operational period: once they reach this stage they are able to perform simplemmental operations, simple logic (only concrete things, stuff that exists in the real world), able to perform conservation tasks successfully, but they are still limited
7 years adolescence
Simple mental operations
Formal operational period
Adolescence (12-13) and lasts throughout life
More capable of abstract thinking (things like algebra)
They are better able to consider hypothetical situatio
98
How is theory of mind related to autism?
impairment of theory of mind may relate to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterised by profound difficulties in social interaction and communication
99
What are schemas?
mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour
100
What is temperament? On what is it based?
includes behavioral traits such as sociability (outgoing or shy), emotionality (easy-going or quick to react), activity level (high or low energy), attention level (focused or easily distracted), and persistence (determined or easily discouraged)
101
What are the temperament classifications for babies?
Easy babies: predictable, easy going, establish routines pretty regularly, react well to new situations
Difficult babies: tend to be fussy and irritable, show a lot of negative emotion, do not establish routines very easily, tend to find new situations overwhelming
Slow-to-warm-up babies: in-between, less emotionally expressive, nervous in new situations, but do slowly come to enjoy them
102
What is attachment?
an emotional bond
103
What did Harlow’s monkeys reveal about attachment and maternal instinct?
Suggests contact comfort might be an important form of bonding, seemed to matter more than the food
Studies have shown baby monkeys are less distressed if they can reach out and touch her fur
Conclusion: Premature babies will develop faster if they are touched and massaged, cognitive development
104
What is the strange situation test?
Secure attachment: most common behavior pattern, in strange situations the child will eventually wander away from the parent and play with some toys in the room. Will go to its parents (usually with mother) every so often to check in, then continue to play more. When the parent leaves, they become distressed/upset. When the parent comes back, goes to the parent, is comforted, and they are calm pretty quickly.
Explore, play, check in, distress upon separation
105
What characterizes secure attachment, insecure avoidant attachment, and insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment in childhood and adulthood?
secure attachment: Children with secure attachment prefer their caregiver over strangers, seek comfort in their caregiver. Feel protected and that they have someone to rely on.
insecure attachment: Periodically return to their parents to check in. Sensitive and Responsive to their needs. When parents return, they feel better.
insecure avoidant: Avoid or ignore caretaker. When parents leaves/returns do not care. Parents are neglectful or abusive- rejecting of the kids needs
ambivalent/resistant: Rarely go out and explore the toys in the room. They do not want to leave the parents side. When the parent leaves the room, they become very upset. When the parent returns, does not make them feel better.
106
How do authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and negligent parents differ?
Authoritative : firm, demanding, and consistent, but provide kids with affection. Explain the rules, which seem to be important
Parents
Authoritarian: will tear you apart, mean
Parents: harsh, punitive, unsympathetic, they provide very little praise or warmth
Permissive
Parents: Lots of freedom with few rules
Neglectful
Parents: provide basic needs, food, shelter, clothing, but avoid getting emotionally involved with their kids
107
What child characteristics are associated with these different types of parents?
Kids with authoritative parents: tend to be more successful, responsible, and higher self esteem
Kids with authoritarian unfriendly distrustful, withdrawn
Kids with permissive end to be immature, aggressive, and unhappy
Kids with neglectful tend to turn out worst of all, tend to be delinquent, low achievement, low self-esteem
108
What are gender roles?
refer to a culture’s expectations regarding what is normal and appropriate behavior (socially constructed)
109
How does gender differ from sex?
Gender: social defined characteristics of males and females, Sex: refers to biological of being female or male
110
What messages do boys and girls get regarding the gender roles of males and females in American culture?
Males
main characters, solve problems, give orders, rescue
Parents are more likely to encourage the male characters to: Achieve, compete, independence
Females
Appearance is emphasized, over sexualized, submissive
Parents are more likely to encourage female characters to: Expressive, nurturing, dependent, unselfish
111
What is adolescence?
period between childhood and adulthood, roughly corresponds to the teen years
112
What major physical changes take place during adolescence? What happens in the brain during adolescence?
Puberty involves a series of body changes resulting in the capability of reproductive capability
Brain
Pruning
Prefrontal cortex: still not fully mature, poorer judgment, impulsive
113
Is the prefrontal cortex fully mature in adolescence?
occurs primarily during adolescence and is fully accomplished at the age of 25 years
114
Who postulated the existence of an identity crisis? When does it occur? What is it?
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages- In each stage, a person experiences a particular challenge. The major challenge was to create a unique, consistent sense of self. Teenagers may notice that they behave very differently based on who they are with
Notes from class:
Psychosocial changes: in each stages a person faces certain challenges (crisis)
Notice they're different people depending on who they are with vs their friends vs teachers or parents, start to question who they are
Leads to exploring new identities: way they dress, people they hang out with, music, read, etc to make an integrated identity
115
What is metacognition and how does it relate to formal operations and adolescent egocentrism?
the ability to think about thinking. Their own thoughts and the thoughts of others. Allows them to be self-conscious. Teenagers overestimate the extent to which other people are thinking about.
they assume other people are always thinking about them. Teenagers see themselves as a starring role in their own drama, as everyone else is part of a supporting cast
116
What is early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood?
Early adulthood (20-39)
Peak- between the mid-20's
Muscle strength highest, senses highest, reaction time lowest, cardiac output
Middle adulthood (40-65)
Depends on health and exercise- more than age
Late adulthood (65+)- Evidence of Physical Decline
117
When do people typically reach their physical peak?
Between the mid-20's
118
What helps slow physical and cognitive decline as people age?
physical activity has been linked to improved cognitive performance and reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease. taking care of yourself. diet, exercise, happiness, etc
119
What characterizes happy marriages?
financial stability, trust, communication, emotionally intimate sharing thoughts and feelings, bad sex makes a bad marriage but good sex doesn't mean a good marriage, respect for each other, support emotionally and financially, shared interests and values, perceived equity (feeling that you're getting as much as you're giving).
Researchers have found a predictor if the marriage will last: if a couple has 5 positive interactions for every 1 negative interaction they are more likely to stay together
120
What factors influence whether couples are satisfied with parenting?
Married- happier, healthier, more sexually and financially satisfied than people who remain single (correlational evidence)
Factors affecting satisfaction- both partners contribute their equal share to caring for the behavior, marital satisfaction declines
Gay/lesbian usually happier parents. no typically assigned gender roles
121
How do emotions generally change through adulthood?
Older adults report fewer negative emotions as well as more emotional stability and well-being than younger people
amygdala (fear) diminishes as you age
122
What predicts depression and mental decline in the elderly and why?
death/grief
satisfaction with what you have accomplished in life
physical health
dementia and alzheimer's
123
Cannon-Bard-Theory?
when there is an emotionally arousing event, that will trigger a non specific change in physiology and behavior, and at the same time it will trigger an emotion. Neither one causes the other.
Difference: In lang’s theory there is a specific pattern of change that triggers the emotion, in this, they arise from separate pathways.
124
Two factor theory?
When there is an emotionally arousing event that will trigger a non-specific change in physiology and behavior, this sudden change alerts the brain that something is going on and needs to pay attention. Then you evaluate the situation and you experience an emotion based on your cognitive appraisal of the arousal in the situation.
Only theory we talked about that includes a role for thinking
Event → nonspecific physiological and behavioral changes → cognitive interpretation/appraisal emotion
125
Erikson's Stages
Infancy – Basic trust versus mistrust.
Toddler – Autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Preschool-age – Initiative versus guilt.
School-age – Industry versus inferiority.
Adolescence – Identity versus identity confusion.
Young adulthood – Intimacy versus isolation.
