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PSYCH 1010 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

phenotype

A

ones actual appearance and behavior now

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2
Q

roles of nature in guiding development

A

walking- all children go through same steps

language- all children acquire in same pattern

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3
Q

roles of nurture in guiding development

A

experience alters timing of development

experience required for full development of skills or capabilities

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4
Q

schema

A

cognitive or mental theory about the ways the world work

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5
Q

accommodation / adjustment

A

modifying schemas to fit new information

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6
Q

assimilation / absorption

A

applying existing schemas to new situations/information

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7
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

(0-2) infants knowledge of world is tied to senses, object permanence

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8
Q

object concept

A

knowledge about properties of an object

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9
Q

object permanence measured by:

A

reaching for a partially or completely hidden object

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10
Q

competence vs performance

A

what you can do vs demonstrating your ability to do it

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11
Q

habituation

A

learning to ignore, time spent looking at stimulus decreases with each presentation

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12
Q

measuring surprise

A

infants stare longer at an impossible event

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13
Q

pre-operational

A

(2-6) child cannot manipulate mental images, has object permanence

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14
Q

conservation

A

ability to manipulate visual images to determine quantity is same

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15
Q

egocentrism

A

children under 5 cannot understand that others may have a different point of view

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16
Q

theory of mind

A

understanding that others have thoughts (mental representations) independent of our own

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17
Q

theory of mind and lying

A

children assume what they know, you know

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18
Q

joint attention

A

the ability to focus on what another person is focused on

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19
Q

social referencing

A

ability to use another person’s emotional reactions as information

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20
Q

imitation

A

ability to do what another person does

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21
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond formed between a child and their caregiver

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22
Q

why form attachments

A

nourishment, security, comfort

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23
Q

contact comfort

A

comfort is largely communicated by touch

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24
Q

Harry Harlow

A

wire monkeys, illustrated importance of contact comfort

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25
contact comfort in infants
premature infants gained weight faster, discharged sooner, scored higher on cognitive and motor tests
26
importance of attachment
- reactive attachment disorders - psychosocial dwarfism - diminished brain function
27
strange situation test
place baby under stress (mom leaves room) and see how child responds
28
secure attachment
distress when mom leaves room, seek comfort upon reunion
29
insecure/ambivalent attachment
upset when mom leaves, cannot show comfort upon reunion, shows anger
30
insecure/avoidant
may or may not show distress, avoids and ignores parent upon return
31
temperament
an individual's characteristic or basic personality
32
emotion
mental experience associated with physiological activity that is elicited by personally significant situations
33
affect
any kind of emotional phenomena, including emotions and moods
34
emotions vs moods
moods are longer, emotions produce stronger feelings, moods can influence which emotions we feel
35
4 functions of emotions
1. behavioral readiness and motivation 2. communication 3. memory 4. decision making
36
appraisal
evaluations of a stimulus or event, how we subjectively view the situation
37
action tendencies
readiness to engage in specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors
38
James Lange
feeling is an interpretation of a specific physiological response
39
two factor theory of emotion
general physiology then emotional
40
functions of pre-frontal cortex in emotions
appraisal and top down regulation
41
amygdala
importance for evaluating emotional significance of a stimulus and action
42
high (slow) pathway to amygdala
from cortex, processed for meaning // conscious awareness
43
low road
direct from visual thalamus, fast but unprocessed
44
fear responses
fear response occurs prior to conscious perception
45
motivation
purpose or cause of an action
46
how we use motivation to explain behavior
activation, perisstence, intensity
47
drive theory of motivation
reducing drive to motivate behavior
48
homeostasis
tendency of systems to maintain a constant state
49
drive
form of energy that fuels behavior, biological (hunger)
50
hedonic principle of motivation
motivated to obtain pleasure and avoid pain
51
approach vs avoidance
move towards positive outcomes, away from negative outcomes
52
loss aversion
tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal sized gains
53
intrinsic motivation
desire to do things that provide immediate rewards
54
extrinsic motivation
perform behavior for future rewards (or avoid future punishments
55
why do we eat?
for current energy needs, for future energy needs (glucose as fat)
56
hypothalamus
brain region that regulates feeding
57
ghrelin
released by empty stomach to stimulate feeding
58
leptin
released by fat cells to terminate feeding
59
stress
physiological and mental reaction caused by the perception of aversive situations
60
stressor vs stress response
stressor is a situation or event perceived as a threat, stress response is a reaction to the stressor
61
acute stress
stressor and stress response both short lived, typically beneficial
62
chronic stress
constant and persistence over time, poverty racism, health issue, lead to physical and mental health issues
63
primary appraisal
is it a threat or a challenge
64
secondary
do I have the resources or options to cope?
65
components of self assessment
personality and perceived resources
66
HPA Axis
hormonal component of stress response
67
glucocorticoids / cortisol
release stored energy
68
catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine, arousal
69
Yerkes Dodson Law
inverted U of stress, performance is best under an optimal level of stress
70
indirect effects of stress
changing behavior to cope with stress, alcohol, smoking, drug use, over eating, lack of sleep
71
direct effects of stress
prolonged release of cortisol inhibits the immune system

PSYCH 1010 (3 decks)

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