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PSYCH 1010 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

phenotype

A

ones actual appearance and behavior now

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2
Q

roles of nature in guiding development

A

walking- all children go through same steps

language- all children acquire in same pattern

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3
Q

roles of nurture in guiding development

A

experience alters timing of development

experience required for full development of skills or capabilities

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4
Q

schema

A

cognitive or mental theory about the ways the world work

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5
Q

accommodation / adjustment

A

modifying schemas to fit new information

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6
Q

assimilation / absorption

A

applying existing schemas to new situations/information

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7
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

(0-2) infants knowledge of world is tied to senses, object permanence

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8
Q

object concept

A

knowledge about properties of an object

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9
Q

object permanence measured by:

A

reaching for a partially or completely hidden object

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10
Q

competence vs performance

A

what you can do vs demonstrating your ability to do it

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11
Q

habituation

A

learning to ignore, time spent looking at stimulus decreases with each presentation

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12
Q

measuring surprise

A

infants stare longer at an impossible event

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13
Q

pre-operational

A

(2-6) child cannot manipulate mental images, has object permanence

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14
Q

conservation

A

ability to manipulate visual images to determine quantity is same

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15
Q

egocentrism

A

children under 5 cannot understand that others may have a different point of view

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16
Q

theory of mind

A

understanding that others have thoughts (mental representations) independent of our own

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17
Q

theory of mind and lying

A

children assume what they know, you know

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18
Q

joint attention

A

the ability to focus on what another person is focused on

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19
Q

social referencing

A

ability to use another person’s emotional reactions as information

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20
Q

imitation

A

ability to do what another person does

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21
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond formed between a child and their caregiver

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22
Q

why form attachments

A

nourishment, security, comfort

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23
Q

contact comfort

A

comfort is largely communicated by touch

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24
Q

Harry Harlow

A

wire monkeys, illustrated importance of contact comfort

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25
Q

contact comfort in infants

A

premature infants gained weight faster, discharged sooner, scored higher on cognitive and motor tests

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26
Q

importance of attachment

A
  • reactive attachment disorders
  • psychosocial dwarfism
  • diminished brain function
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27
Q

strange situation test

A

place baby under stress (mom leaves room) and see how child responds

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28
Q

secure attachment

A

distress when mom leaves room, seek comfort upon reunion

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29
Q

insecure/ambivalent attachment

A

upset when mom leaves, cannot show comfort upon reunion, shows anger

30
Q

insecure/avoidant

A

may or may not show distress, avoids and ignores parent upon return

31
Q

temperament

A

an individual’s characteristic or basic personality

32
Q

emotion

A

mental experience associated with physiological activity that is elicited by personally significant situations

33
Q

affect

A

any kind of emotional phenomena, including emotions and moods

34
Q

emotions vs moods

A

moods are longer, emotions produce stronger feelings, moods can influence which emotions we feel

35
Q

4 functions of emotions

A
  1. behavioral readiness and motivation
  2. communication
  3. memory
  4. decision making
36
Q

appraisal

A

evaluations of a stimulus or event, how we subjectively view the situation

37
Q

action tendencies

A

readiness to engage in specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors

38
Q

James Lange

A

feeling is an interpretation of a specific physiological response

39
Q

two factor theory of emotion

A

general physiology then emotional

40
Q

functions of pre-frontal cortex in emotions

A

appraisal and top down regulation

41
Q

amygdala

A

importance for evaluating emotional significance of a stimulus and action

42
Q

high (slow) pathway to amygdala

A

from cortex, processed for meaning // conscious awareness

43
Q

low road

A

direct from visual thalamus, fast but unprocessed

44
Q

fear responses

A

fear response occurs prior to conscious perception

45
Q

motivation

A

purpose or cause of an action

46
Q

how we use motivation to explain behavior

A

activation, perisstence, intensity

47
Q

drive theory of motivation

A

reducing drive to motivate behavior

48
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of systems to maintain a constant state

49
Q

drive

A

form of energy that fuels behavior, biological (hunger)

50
Q

hedonic principle of motivation

A

motivated to obtain pleasure and avoid pain

51
Q

approach vs avoidance

A

move towards positive outcomes, away from negative outcomes

52
Q

loss aversion

A

tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal sized gains

53
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

desire to do things that provide immediate rewards

54
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

perform behavior for future rewards (or avoid future punishments

55
Q

why do we eat?

A

for current energy needs, for future energy needs (glucose as fat)

56
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain region that regulates feeding

57
Q

ghrelin

A

released by empty stomach to stimulate feeding

58
Q

leptin

A

released by fat cells to terminate feeding

59
Q

stress

A

physiological and mental reaction caused by the perception of aversive situations

60
Q

stressor vs stress response

A

stressor is a situation or event perceived as a threat, stress response is a reaction to the stressor

61
Q

acute stress

A

stressor and stress response both short lived, typically beneficial

62
Q

chronic stress

A

constant and persistence over time, poverty racism, health issue, lead to physical and mental health issues

63
Q

primary appraisal

A

is it a threat or a challenge

64
Q

secondary

A

do I have the resources or options to cope?

65
Q

components of self assessment

A

personality and perceived resources

66
Q

HPA Axis

A

hormonal component of stress response

67
Q

glucocorticoids / cortisol

A

release stored energy

68
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine, arousal

69
Q

Yerkes Dodson Law

A

inverted U of stress, performance is best under an optimal level of stress

70
Q

indirect effects of stress

A

changing behavior to cope with stress, alcohol, smoking, drug use, over eating, lack of sleep

71
Q

direct effects of stress

A

prolonged release of cortisol inhibits the immune system

PSYCH 1010 (3 decks)

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