Test #3

Question 0

Metabolism includes reactions that breakdown complex molecules into less complex molecules, releasing energy

Answer 0

This category of reactions is termed at CATABOLISM

Question 1

Metabolism includes reactions that use energy to make more complex molecules

Answer 1

This category of reactions is termed as ANABOLISM

Question 2

Why does a bacterium need enzymes to break down glucose when the breakdown releases energy anyways?

Answer 2

Needed to reduce activation energy to make it happen at a faster rate

Question 3

What affects does an enzyme have on the overall release of energy in an energy producing reaction?

Answer 3

The enzyme does not affect overall energy, only activation energy

Question 4

Your critical bacterial culture is exposed to a toxin that acts as a competitive inhibitor of an essential reaction. What can you do to rescue your bacteria?
(You cannot remove the toxin)

Answer 4

Increase the amount of substrate in the reaction

Question 5

______ is the total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into two parts.

Answer 5

Metabolism

Question 6

The breakdown of large molecules for energy

Answer 6

Catabolism

Question 7

When smaller pieces are combined to make larger ones

Answer 7

Anabolism

Question 8

Catabolism are fueling reactions that generate precursors for biosynthesis from ______-_______ reactions that provide ________ sources.

Answer 8

Energy conserving

Electrons

Question 9

The synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones and requires ________ from _______ reactions.

Answer 9

Energy

Catabolic

Question 10

Each step of metabolism requires an ________ which are specifically made for each reaction

Answer 10

Enzyme

Question 11

_______ are needed to carry out reactions at physiological conditions so they proceed in a timely manner.

Answer 11

Enzymes

Question 12

Enzymes speed up the _______ at which a reaction proceeds towards ________.

Answer 12

Rate

Equilibrium

Question 13

How are enzymes used to overcome constraints in the body?

Answer 13

They lower the activation energy which is important because the cells in the body cannot be heated, metals and salt concentrations cannot be changed.

Question 14

Substrates have ______ energy than products

Answer 14

More

Question 15

The energy required to form transition-state complex

Answer 15

Activation energy

Question 16

How do enzymes speed up the reaction?

Answer 16

They lower the activation energy

Question 17

Overall the reaction to form the transition state complex gives off energy but is not _________.

Answer 17

Spontaneous

Question 18

What happens when enzymes bind to their substrates?

Answer 18

They change their shape, which changes their energy, which changes their functions & facilitates chemical reactions.

Question 19

Enzyme activity is significantly affected by…..

Answer 19

pH
Temperature
Substrate concentration

Question 20

How does substrate concentration affect the enzyme activity?

Answer 20

They are “bumping” into each other

Question 21

What does changes in pH and temperature do to enzyme activity?

Answer 21

Changes the shape without denaturing and affects the ability for the enzyme to do its job.

Question 22

What happens when you increase substrate concentration

Answer 22

It increases the rate of reaction by decreasing activation energy which starts a reaction sooner.

Question 23

Why is body temperature regulated?

Answer 23

To facilitate enzyme actions

Question 24

What are the types of enzyme inhibition?

Answer 24

Competitive inhibition | Non-competitive (allosteric) inhibition

Question 25

_____ _______ directly competes with the binding of substrates to the active site

Answer 25

Competitive inhibitor

Question 26

Competitive inhibitors decrease function because of the ________ of inhibitor to substrate

Answer 26

Ratio

Question 27

________ substrate can overcome inhibitor effect

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

What is needed for enzymes to function in competitive inhibition?

Answer 28

They must have their substrates in the active site

Question 29

_______ ________ binds enzymes at sites other than the active site

Answer 29

Non-competitive (allosteric) inhibitor

Question 30

How do allosteric inhibitors function?

Answer 30

They bind to different places than the substrate because the enzymes shake has been changed making it less active.

Question 31

______ ______ consists of mostly regulatory enzymes whose activity is altered by small molecules

Answer 31

Allosteric regulation (positive or negative).

Question 32

The allosteric effector binds to _______ at regulatory sites?

Answer 32

Non-covalently

Question 33

The allosteric effector changes ________ of the enzyme and alters activity of _______

Answer 33

Shape | Catalytic site

Question 34

The positive allosteric effector ______ _____ activity

Answer 34

Increases enzyme

Question 35

The negative allosteric effector ________ the enzyme

Answer 35

Inhibits

Question 36

In allosteric regulation, the __________ of inhibitor effects function

Answer 36

Concentration

Question 37

What if the allosteric effector binds to the enzyme and never let's go? What is an example?

Answer 37

You have a poison enzyme that'll never work again. Ex: penicillin cannot make the cell wall because more enzyme cannot be made since the allosteric effector is constantly bound to the enzyme.

Question 38

Thomas chech and Sidney Altman discovered that some _______ molecules can also _______ reactions

Answer 38

RNA | Catalyze

Question 39

Enzymes made of RNA

Answer 39

Ribozymes

Question 40

What are examples of ribozymes use?

Answer 40

Self splicing Catalyzing peptides bond formation And involved In self replication

Question 41

_______ reactions are both catabolic and anabolic

Answer 41

Amphibolic

Question 42

________ is needed for energy

Answer 42

ATP

Question 43

Why does ATP have more energy than ADP?

Answer 43

There's more phosphates and phosphates contribute energy

Question 44

What contains the energy in ATP?

Answer 44

Phosphate bonds with electrons

Question 45

Where is the electron transport chain found?

Answer 45

It's found in membranes, examples include: mitochondrial inner membrane, chloroplasts, and cell membranes of prokaryotes

Question 46

As electrons pass through the etc to the final electron acceptor, a __________ __________ ____________ is generated and used to synthesize ATP.

Answer 46

Proton motive force

Question 47

Simply defined as the moving of hydrogen used to make ATP

Answer 47

Proton motive force

Question 48

The final electron acceptor is oxygen

Answer 48

Aerobic respiration

Question 49

The final electron acceptor is not pure oxygen, Ex: SO4 CO2

Answer 49

Anaerobic respiration

Question 50

What it's the primary producer of ATP?

Answer 50

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 51

What are three types of chemoorganic fueling process ?

Answer 51

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Fermentation

Question 52

Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration produce more ATP?

Answer 52

Aerobic

Question 53

Energy differences in ______ respiration allows for more energy release from O2

Answer 53

Aerobic respiration

Question 54

Which chemoorganic fueling process does not use the electron transport chain or protons time force

Answer 54

Fermentation

Question 55

Fermentation uses a _______ electron acceptor

Answer 55

Endogenous

Question 56

What is an endogenous electron acceptor?

Answer 56

Made by the cell already, and self contained; usually an intermediate of a pathway used to oxidize the organic energy source

Question 57

In fermentation how is ATP synthesized?

Answer 57

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 58

The ____ ____ ___ utilizes movement of electrons from high to low energy which can be captured.

Answer 58

Electron transport chain

Question 59

The first Electron carriers in the ETC have the most _______ activation energy

Answer 59

Negative

Question 60

Since the first electron carrier is the most negative it results in the potential energy stored in the first redox couple to be _______ and. Used to form ATP

Answer 60

Released

Question 61

The first electron carrier in the ETC is ______ and electrons are moved tot he next carrier and so on

Answer 61

Reduced

Question 62

The Moving of electrons from molecule to molecule

Answer 62

ETC

Question 63

The. Electron transport chain of mitochondria is located in?

Answer 63

The plasma membrane

Question 64

Bacteria and archaea's ETC resembles mitochondrial ETC in some ways. How do they differ?

Answer 64

Have different electron carriers Maybe branched Maybe shorter May have lower phosphorous to oxygen level.

Question 65

The ETC of e. Coil is a _______ pathway

Answer 65

Branched

Question 66

The upper branch in the ETC of e. Coil has _______ phase and _____ aeration

Answer 66

Stationary | Low

Question 67

The lower branch of ETC of e. Coil has ______ phase nd _____ aeration.

Answer 67

Log | High

Question 68

The ETC of e. Coil has different aray of ______ used than in mitochondrial ETC

Answer 68

Cytochrome

Question 69

For the etc to be branched it must have a _______

Answer 69

Periplasmic space

Question 70

Given the apt synthase shown, write the stage of each beta subunit after one complete revolution of the gamma subunit relative to beta. (Write them next to each subunit shown)

Answer 70

ATP will form and a full turn occurs.

Question 71

A bacteria is an obligate anaerobes. What type of energy production does this bacteria use?

Answer 71

Aerobic respiration

Question 72

Give an example of a mechanism of gene regulation in a prokaryote that is not found in eukaryotes and explain why it is only possible in prokaryotes

Answer 72

Translation/transcription must occur simultaneously in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes it's at different times.

Question 73

In the trp operon, is the repress or bound to DNA or floating free in the presence of tryptophan?

Answer 73

Repress or is bound to DNA when trp is present and prevents polymerase from activating transcription.

Question 74

What would happen to the regulation of the trp operon if the operator was missing?

Answer 74

The regulator could never bind and turn off transcription -> regulation would have to solely rely on attenuation.