Test 3

Question 1

How much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation generate

Answer 1

30-34

Question 2

How many ATP does the citrix acid cycle generate

Answer 2

2 ATP

Question 3

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

Answer 3

2 ATP

Question 4

Define photophosphorylation

Answer 4

Sythesis of ATP light being the ultimate energy source

Question 5

The two independent, light capturing complexes of proteins and pigments, called photosystems I and II, are found in the_____ membrane of the chloroplast.

Answer 5

Thylakoid

Question 6

What is the function of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?

Answer 6

absorbs light energy

Question 7

Why is light considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 7

it consists of both electric and magnetic energy

Question 8

What three things may happen to light when it strikes an object?

Answer 8

It may pass through the object.
It may change direction.
It may be absorbed.

Question 9

What is a photon?

Answer 9

A particle of light

Question 10

Light is a type of ______ radiation because it consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.

Answer 10

Electromagnetic

Question 11

What molecule is used as an electron carrier during photosynthesis?

Answer 11

NADPH

Question 12

where do light reactions take place? what do they do?

Answer 12

thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
The light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy stored in covalent bonds

Question 13

Where does the Calvin cycle take place? what does it do?

Answer 13

stroma of the chloroplast
the calvin cycle uses the energy to synthesize carbohydrates

Question 14

Define photoautotroph

Answer 14

organisms that synthesize organic molecules using light as a source of energy.
ex: plants, algae, bacteria

Question 15

Define autotroph

Answer 15

Organisms that produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules

Question 16

What is the equation for photosythesis?
What is oxidated/reduced?

Answer 16

CO2 + 2H2O + light energy → CH2O + O2 + H2O
water is oxidated
CO2 is reduced

Question 17

What are the two stages of photosynthesis and what do they do?

Answer 17

stage 1: light reaction
stage 2: calvin cycle

Question 18

Define Photosynthesis:

Answer 18

The process in which the energy from light is captured and used to synthesize glucose

Question 19

How does ATP synthase work?

Answer 19

ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP molecules

Question 20

describe the electron transport chain

Answer 20

electrons pass through a series of REDOX reactions releasing energy. the released energy forms a proton gradient, which is used by ATP synthase to make a large amount of ATP.

Question 21

describe the structure of mitochondria

Answer 21

double membrane system- the inner folds are called cristae, the fluid inside is called the mitochondrial matrix

Question 22

what is the fourth step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

Answer 22

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
all NADH and FADH2 is brought in with oxygen, water and ATP are produced. this process happens in the cristae (inner membrane of the mitochondria)

Question 23

what is the third step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

Answer 23

the citric acid cycle produce some ATP, carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2. it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
aerobic process

Question 24

what is the second step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

Answer 24

pyruvate is oxidated and converted into acetyl CoA. this process takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (fluid inside mitochondria)

Question 25

what is the first step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

Answer 25

glycolysis breaks down a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. this process happens in the cytoplasm

Question 26

What is the equasion for cellular respiration?

Answer 26

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 27

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 27

glucose is oxidated to CO₂ in the presence of oxygen, and ATP is synthesized

Question 28

what are e- carriers in cellular respiration? what are two examples of e- carriers?

Answer 28

molecules that can either oxidate or reduce in cellular respiration FAD & FADH₂ NAD+ & NADH + H+

Question 29

what is regulation in feedback inhibition?

Answer 29

cells have the ability to increase/decrease the rate of metabolic pathway

Question 30

If we have the enzymes A → B → C → D, what would happen if enzyme A was deactivated

Answer 30

concentration goes down for enzymes B, C, D concentration of A goes ↑

Question 31

What type of motion is coupled to the synthesis of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase?

Answer 31

Spinning

Question 32

What is the proton motive force?

Answer 32

the gradient of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 33

What reactants are required for the citric acid cycle?

Answer 33

NAD+ FAD GDP2- Acetyl-CoA

Question 34

Aerobic

Answer 34

Process that requires oxygen

Question 35

Anaerobic

Answer 35

Process that does not require oxygen

Question 36

What are the products of the chemical reaction that breaks down pyruvate?

Answer 36

CO2 Acetyl-CoA NADH

Question 37

What does each cycle of the citric acid cycle produce?

Answer 37

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

Question 38

What are the products from glycolysis?

Answer 38

2 ATP molecules 2 NADH

Question 39

Describe Glycolysis

Answer 39

involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvates can take place without oxygen (anerobic)

Question 40

what happens during the cleavage phase of glycolysis?

Answer 40

a six-carbon molecule is converted to two three carbon pyruvate molecules

Question 41

What is the Energy investment phase of glycolysis?

Answer 41

2 ATP are used to provide the activation energy to break a molecule of glucose down

Question 42

What four pathways are involved in the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water?

Answer 42

Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Breakdown of pyruvate Glycolysis

Question 43

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 43

When an atom or molecule is oxidized, the electron that is removed is transferred to another atom or molecule, which is thereby reduced

Question 44

What is feedback inhibition?

Answer 44

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

Question 45

what is a metabolic pathway?

Answer 45

all types of coordinated sequences of chemical reactions that occur in cells, all catalyzed by different enzymes

Question 46

What is reduction?

Answer 46

The addition of electrons to an atom or molecule

Question 47

What is oxidation?

Answer 47

The removal of electrons from an atom or molecule

Question 48

In a chemical reaction, an enzyme's ___ must change before it can catalyze the conversion of reactants to products.

Answer 48

conformation

Question 49

what is the active site?

Answer 49

the location in the enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place

Question 50

What is subtrate?

Answer 50

A reactant molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme

Question 51

Lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction will:

Answer 51

change the rate of the reaction

Question 52

what is activation energy?

Answer 52

The minimum amount of energy that must be provided for compounds to cause a chemical reaction

Question 53

Why do organisms couple exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Answer 53

the endergonic reaction will proceed if the net free energy change is negative

Question 54

What is a catalyst?

Answer 54

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or consumed

Question 55

What the phosphorylation?

Answer 55

a phosphate is directly transferred from ATP to glucose (adding a phosphate)

Question 56

Describe the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 56

A water molecule is added to ATP resulting in its breakdown to ADP and inorganic phosphate exergonic reaction

Question 57

what is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Answer 57

An energy carrier molecule utilized by all cells 3 phosphates, a ribose sugar, glucose molecule

Question 58

The hydrolysis of one ATP yields a molecule of adenosine ___ (ADP) and a molecule of ___ phosphate

Answer 58

diphosphate, inorganic

Question 59

What is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 59

A non-spontaneous positive reaction that absorbs energy

Question 60

What is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 60

A spontaneous negative reaction that releases energy

Question 61

What is entropy?

Answer 61

measure of disorder/randomness

Question 62

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 62

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Question 63

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 63

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed

Question 64

what is potential energy?

Answer 64

Energy that is stored includes chemical energy between bonds of atoms

Question 65

What is kenetic energy?

Answer 65

Energy of motion

Question 66

What are the two main factors that determine the outcome of a chemical reaction in a living cell?

Answer 66

direction and rate