Test one

Question 1

what are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Bacteria and archaea

Question 2

Eukarya

Answer 2

Plants and Animals

Question 3

selectively permeability

Answer 3

controlled passage of ions and molecules into the cell

Question 4

hypertonic

Answer 4

higher concentration of a solution

Question 5

Hypotonic

Answer 5

lower concentration of solutes

Question 6

isotonic

Answer 6

same concentration of solutes

Question 7

osmosis

Answer 7

diffusion of water across a permeable membrane

Question 8

Simple diffusion

Answer 8

movement of ions and molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 9

3 tenets of cell theory

Answer 9

1,. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest units of life
3. new cells come from pre-exisiting cells

Question 10

4 basic features of a cell

Answer 10

plasma membrane
nucleic acids
ribosomes
carbohydrates

Question 11

Why are smaller cells more efficient?

Answer 11

higher surface area to volume ratio

Question 12

What is in the endomembrane system

Answer 12

nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, Peroxisome, vacuole

Question 13

organic molecules

Answer 13

carbon containing molecules

Question 14

polymers

Answer 14

molecules made of smaller units called monomers

Question 15

how are polymers put together

Answer 15

dehydration reaction

Question 16

how are polymers broken apart

Answer 16

hydrolysis reactions

Question 17

protein monomer

Answer 17

amino acids

Question 18

nucleic acids monomer

Answer 18

nucleotide

Question 19

lipid monomer

Answer 19

fatty acids

Question 20

phospholipids

Answer 20

amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Question 21

steroids

Answer 21

hormones including:
estrogen
testosterone
progesterone

Question 22

amphipathic

Answer 22

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

Question 23

Covalent bond

Answer 23

shared electrons

Question 24

ionic bond

Answer 24

atom that accepts 1 electron that another atom donates

Question 25

polar-covalent bond

Answer 25

atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond highest difference in between atoms

Question 26

non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 26

equal sharing of electrons

Question 27

hydrogen bonds

Answer 27

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Question 28

saturated fatty acids

Answer 28

all carbon atoms form only single covalent bonds solid at room temp primarily in animals (butter)

Question 29

unsatterated fatty acids

Answer 29

one double covelant bond between carbon atoms liquid @ room temp primarily in plants (oil)

Question 30

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 30

a double membrane including polar hydrophilic heads and two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question 31

fluid mosaic model

Answer 31

model of the plasma membrane of phospholipids that are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer

Question 32

which way can phospholipids move?

Answer 32

laterally, turn in place

Question 33

fluidity

Answer 33

movement of phospholipids

Question 34

permeability

Answer 34

ability of molecules to pass through a lipid bilayer

Question 35

more movment =

Answer 35

more fluidity

Question 36

more fluidity =

Answer 36

more permeability

Question 37

what factors affect fluidity?

Answer 37

length of fatty acid tails, fatty acid saturation, temperature

Question 38

length of fatty acid tails

Answer 38

shorter tails have a higher fluidity

Question 39

fatty acid saturation

Answer 39

unsaturated tails are less fluid

Question 40

higher temperature =

Answer 40

higher temp = higher fluidity

Question 41

cholesterol in animal cells at freezing temp

Answer 41

high concentration prevents the membrane from freezing (increases fluidity)

Question 42

cholesterol in animal cells at high temp

Answer 42

high concentration decreases fluidity

Question 43

what factors influence permeability?

Answer 43

size, charge

Question 44

true or false: non polar molecules are able to pass freely

Answer 44

true

Question 45

what has high permeability?

Answer 45

gases ex: O2

Question 46

What has moderate permeability?

Answer 46

water H2O

Question 47

What has low permeability?

Answer 47

polar organic molecules ex: glucose

Question 48

what has extremely low permeability?

Answer 48

any ion, charged, polar molecules ex: proteins, nucleic acids, Na+

Question 49

membrane transport

Answer 49

movement of substances across a biological membrane

Question 50

passive transport

Answer 50

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy

Question 51

active transport

Answer 51

the movement substances across a cell membrane, assisted by transport proteins and requiring energy Moves from low concentration to high concentration

Question 52

primary active transport

Answer 52

Uses transporter protein that undergoes a conformational change, relying on ATP Builds electrochemical gradient

Question 53

secondary active transport

Answer 53

Uses a transporter protein to move substances against electrochemical gradient Energy comes from the charged molecules

Question 54

facilitated diffusion

Answer 54

the movement of specific molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels

Question 55

What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?

Answer 55

Side chain (R) Amino group Carboxyl group

Question 56

What are the four main elements found in all proteins?

Answer 56

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Question 57

The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _______ bond.

Answer 57

peptide

Question 58

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ___ structure

Answer 58

primary

Question 59

channel

Answer 59

Transport protein Allows passage of ions/molecules Can open and close

Question 60

Transport protein

Answer 60

Provides passage for ions and hydrophilic molecules

Question 61

To kill a slug you pour table salt on it, the salt forced the water out of its cell and the animal dies. Water moved out of the cell through __ because they were placed in an environment that is __ to the inside.

Answer 61

Osmosis, hypertonic

Question 62

Transporter proteins

Answer 62

Proteins that undergo a conformational change, allowing molecules to enter the cell and allowing waste to be expelled

Question 63

How does a transporter protein work?

Answer 63

The conformational change is triggered when a solute enters the pocket, and is opened to the other side

Question 64

What is a conformational change?

Answer 64

Change in shape triggered by contact