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Bio 181 > Test one > Flashcards

Test one Flashcards

1
Q

what are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

Eukarya

A

Plants and Animals

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3
Q

selectively permeability

A

controlled passage of ions and molecules into the cell

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4
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration of a solution

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5
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower concentration of solutes

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6
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration of solutes

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7
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a permeable membrane

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8
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement of ions and molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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9
Q

3 tenets of cell theory

A

1,. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest units of life
3. new cells come from pre-exisiting cells

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10
Q

4 basic features of a cell

A

plasma membrane
nucleic acids
ribosomes
carbohydrates

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11
Q

Why are smaller cells more efficient?

A

higher surface area to volume ratio

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12
Q

What is in the endomembrane system

A

nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, Peroxisome, vacuole

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13
Q

organic molecules

A

carbon containing molecules

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14
Q

polymers

A

molecules made of smaller units called monomers

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15
Q

how are polymers put together

A

dehydration reaction

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16
Q

how are polymers broken apart

A

hydrolysis reactions

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17
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acids

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18
Q

nucleic acids monomer

A

nucleotide

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19
Q

lipid monomer

A

fatty acids

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20
Q

phospholipids

A

amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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21
Q

steroids

A

hormones including:
estrogen
testosterone
progesterone

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22
Q

amphipathic

A

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

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23
Q

Covalent bond

A

shared electrons

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24
Q

ionic bond

A

atom that accepts 1 electron that another atom donates

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25
Q

polar-covalent bond

A

atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond
highest difference in between atoms

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26
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons

27
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

28
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

all carbon atoms form only single covalent bonds
solid at room temp
primarily in animals (butter)

29
Q

unsatterated fatty acids

A

one double covelant bond
between carbon atoms
liquid @ room temp
primarily in plants (oil)

30
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

a double membrane including polar hydrophilic heads and two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails

31
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

model of the plasma membrane of phospholipids that are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer

32
Q

which way can phospholipids move?

A

laterally, turn in place

33
Q

fluidity

A

movement of phospholipids

34
Q

permeability

A

ability of molecules to pass through a lipid bilayer

35
Q

more movment =

A

more fluidity

36
Q

more fluidity =

A

more permeability

37
Q

what factors affect fluidity?

A

length of fatty acid tails,
fatty acid saturation,
temperature

38
Q

length of fatty acid tails

A

shorter tails have a higher fluidity

39
Q

fatty acid saturation

A

unsaturated tails are less fluid

40
Q

higher temperature =

A

higher temp = higher fluidity

41
Q

cholesterol in animal cells at freezing temp

A

high concentration prevents the membrane from freezing
(increases fluidity)

42
Q

cholesterol in animal cells at high temp

A

high concentration decreases fluidity

43
Q

what factors influence permeability?

A

size, charge

44
Q

true or false:
non polar molecules are able to pass freely

A

true

45
Q

what has high permeability?

A

gases
ex: O2

46
Q

What has moderate permeability?

A

water
H2O

47
Q

What has low permeability?

A

polar organic molecules
ex: glucose

48
Q

what has extremely low permeability?

A

any ion, charged, polar molecules
ex: proteins, nucleic acids, Na+

49
Q

membrane transport

A

movement of substances across a biological membrane

50
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy

51
Q

active transport

A

the movement substances across a cell membrane, assisted by transport proteins and requiring energy

Moves from low concentration to high concentration

52
Q

primary active transport

A

Uses transporter protein that undergoes a conformational change, relying on ATP
Builds electrochemical gradient

53
Q

secondary active transport

A

Uses a transporter protein to move substances against electrochemical gradient
Energy comes from the charged molecules

54
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of specific molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels

55
Q

What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?

A

Side chain (R)
Amino group
Carboxyl group

56
Q

What are the four main elements found in all proteins?

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

57
Q

The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _______ bond.

A

peptide

58
Q

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ___ structure

A

primary

59
Q

channel

A

Transport protein
Allows passage of ions/molecules
Can open and close

60
Q

Transport protein

A

Provides passage for ions and hydrophilic molecules

61
Q

To kill a slug you pour table salt on it, the salt forced the water out of its cell and the animal dies. Water moved out of the cell through __ because they were placed in an environment that is __ to the inside.

A

Osmosis, hypertonic

62
Q

Transporter proteins

A

Proteins that undergo a conformational change, allowing molecules to enter the cell and allowing waste to be expelled

63
Q

How does a transporter protein work?

A

The conformational change is triggered when a solute enters the pocket, and is opened to the other side

64
Q

What is a conformational change?

A

Change in shape triggered by contact

Bio 181 (5 decks)

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