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Evolution > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Altruism

A

An altruistic behavior is one that benefits another individual at some cost to the altruist(the actor)

( when its behaviour benefits other organisms, at a cost to itself)

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2
Q

Define calculating “r”

A

The probability that the alleles in one individual are identical copies

(due to common ancestry of alleles in another individual)

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3
Q

True or False
Altruism will evolve if (r x b) - c > 0

A

True

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4
Q

What can we use Hamiltons rule for what

A

We can make quantitative assessments in whether cooperation should evolve to be favored among individuals

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5
Q

What are 2 predictions of Empirical Tests of Kin Selection

A

Prediction 1: Individuals should help relatives more than non-kin

Prediction 2: Individuals should help close relatives more than distant relatives

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6
Q

What is the chart of Components of Kin Recognition (3 parts)

A

Production Component –> Perception Component –> Action Component

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7
Q

Define Production Component (sender)

A

Sending out the development of recognition cue

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8
Q

Define Perception Component (receiver)

A

Development of the kin recognition template to send out to action component

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9
Q

Define Action Component (receiver)

A

Assessing similarity between its recognition template and the recognition cues

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10
Q

Why is Kin selection important?

A

Group dynamics
Mating

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11
Q

Define the “Green Beard” effect

A

Production, perception, and action components all encoded by a single gene the recognition template is not learned

(more likely to help someone that looks similar to you then one that doesnt have similar features)

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12
Q

List 3 things about the “Green Beard” effect

A

1) A perceptible trait, the hypothetical “green beard”

2) Recognition of this trait in others

3) Preferential treatment to those recognized

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13
Q

Define Spatial Location

A

Template learned from cues associated with locations

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14
Q

Define Association - Growing Up Together

A

Only of individuals encountered during the learning of the template will be recognized the most

-Most interaction with familiar kin; this system will evolve if family size is small

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15
Q

Define Acceptance Threshold Model of Kin Recognition

A

-Matching the recognition cue to the recognition template

-Optimal setting of the acceptance threshold should depend upon the benefits of accepting kin and rejecting non-kin

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16
Q

Define Reciprocity

A

-An exchange of fitness increasing benefits between two individuals

-As reciprocal interactions between two individuals continue, both achieve a cumulative fitness gain

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17
Q

What are the two requirements for the evolution of delayed reciprocity

A

1) Repeated interactions between the same individuals

2) Discrimination against non-reciprocators (cheaters)

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18
Q

Give 3 examples in which humans observe altruism with the absence of kinship and reciprocity

A

1) Giving

2) Favors

3) Economic Structures

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19
Q

Define Macroevolution

A

Large scale changes in species lineages though time

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20
Q

What are some things that happen in Macroevolution

A

-Visualizing divergence events and evolutionary relationships: Cladistics/ Phylogeny

-Process of Speciation

-Origin of cellular life and life through geologic time

-Human evolution

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21
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

The study of how organisms are classified, organized, and named

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22
Q

Define Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

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23
Q

Define Cladogram

A

A visual depiction of phylogeny (sometimes phylogenetic tree);

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24
Q

Define Cladistics

A

The study of phylogeny

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25
Q

List 2 facts about Taxonomy

A

-Biological Hierarchy of Life

-Species ID: Binomial Nomenclature

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26
Q

Roots are defined as_________ on cladograms

A

Common ancestor

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27
Q

Nodes are defined as_________ on cladograms

A

Divergence events

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28
Q

Terminal nodes are described as__________, on cladograms

A

Most modern result of divergence events

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29
Q

Branches are described as_________, on cladograms

A

Connections between nodes and terminal nodes

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30
Q

Transitions are defined as________, on cladograms

A

Evolutionary modifications or traits

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31
Q

Sister Taxa can be described as________, on cladograms

A

Very close common ancestor

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32
Q

Define Basal

A

Ancestral (lineages)

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33
Q

Define Derived Characters

A

Characteristics which can be unique to one species or shared

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34
Q

Define Synapomorphies

A

Derived character shared by two or more lineages

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35
Q

Define Autapomorphy

A

trait unique to a particular species and its descendants

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36
Q

How to identify clades

A

Only synonymous with “monophyletic group”

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37
Q

Describe Fundamental Principle

A

Synapomorphies identify monophyletic groups

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38
Q

Define paraphyletic group

A

Includes the common ancestor and some, but not all of the ancestors descendants

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39
Q

Define polyphyletic group

A

Does not share the most different recent common ancestor of the group

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40
Q

Define monophyletic group

A

Includes the common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

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41
Q

True or False
A monophyletic group can be removed from the tree with a single “cut” down the line

A

True

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42
Q

Define Polytomies

A

On the main line branch, it is the area in which multiple lines stem from one point on the main branch

(look for a fan shaped pattern stemming from a single node on the main branch)

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43
Q

Define Parsimony

A

Requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characteristics

(using the fewest character transitions evolved possible when creating a cladogram tree)

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44
Q

Define Reversal

A

Loss of derived traits in a lineage, resulting in a return to the ancestral condition

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45
Q

Define Homoplasy

A

Similarity in character states due to convergence

46
Q

Define Speciation

A

Ancestral species gives rise to a pair of daughter species

47
Q

Classical Model- 3 steps

A

1) Isolation of populations within a species

2) Divergence in traits

3) Reproductive isolation

48
Q

Describe Reproductive Isolation

A

When gene pools of isolated populations diverge independently

49
Q

Define Allopatric Speciation

A

A physical barrier stops gene flow between two subpopulations or populations of a species

50
Q

Give 3 examples of Allopatric Speciation

A

Mountain Ranges
Body’s of water
Urbanization

51
Q

Define Dispersal

A

Individuals elect/ leave their original area to move to a different area to create an isolated subpopulation

52
Q

Define Vicariance

A

A physical boundary manifests over time which cause geographical isolation of populations within a species
(does not have to a dramatic barrier)

53
Q

Define Sympatric Speciation

A

A species may form, within the home range of an existing species, in absence of a physical barrier

54
Q

What are the 3 Isolation types where No Mating Occurs

A

1) Habitat Isolation
2) Temporal Isolation
3) Behavioral Isolation

55
Q

What are the two Isolation types where Mating is Attempted

A

1) Mechanical Isolation
2) Gametic Isolation

56
Q

What happens in Post-Zygotic Barriers

A

Development actually starts

57
Q

What are the 3 major types that happen in Post-Zygotic Barriers

A

1) Reduced Hybrid Viability
2) Hybrid Sterility
3) Hybrid Breakdown

58
Q

List some animals where No Mating Occurs and which type of isolation occurs (3 choices)

A

Garter Snakes- Habitat Isolation

Spotted Skunks- Temporal Isolation

Blue-footed boobies- Behavioral Isolation

59
Q

List some animals where Mating is Attempted and which type of isolation occurs (2 choices)

A

Some Snails- Mechanical Isolation ( genital openings are not aligned; internal fertilization)

Red and Purple Urchins- Gametic Isolation (external fertilization)

60
Q

List an animal where Development Actually Starts in Reduced Hybrid Viability

A

Salamanders- hybrids do not complete development; fertilized egg dies before young emerge

61
Q

List an animal where Development Actually Starts in Hybrid Sterility

A

Mules- hybrids are born but sterile

62
Q

List an animal where Development Actually Starts in Hybrid Breakdown

A

Rice- two separate species mating and produce a viable offspring but it might not survive as long and very likely not fertile enough

63
Q

Define Polyploidy

A

Involves multiplication of whole sets of chromosomes (each set being haploid number N)

64
Q

Describe what happens in Reinforcement of Hybrid Zones and Reproductive Isolation over time

A

Strengthening reproductive barriers

65
Q

Describe what happens in Fusion of Hybrid Zones and Reproductive Isolation over time

A

Speciation process is not completed eventually causing two hybridizing species to fuse into a single species

(weakening of reproductive barriers)

66
Q

Describe what happens in Stability of Hybrid Zones and Reproductive Isolation over time

A

Enough hybrids are created to overcome any sink dynamics within the hybrid zone

(continued formation of hybrid individuals)

67
Q

What two types of isolation are involved in Reinforcement

A

Behavioral Isolation
Sympatric Isolation

68
Q

Define Phyletic gradualism

A

Continuous change at a constant evolutionary pace

69
Q

Define Punctuated equilibrium

A

Short evolutionary Burts with intervening periods of stability

70
Q

Define Evolutionary Stasis

A

Flat periods along the graph that are considered not moving

71
Q

Define Adaptive Radiation

A

Rapid spike in the graph

72
Q

What are two central weaknesses of gradualism

A

1) Too few specimens
2) Stasis needs to be considered data

73
Q

What is the name of the people who argues for Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Niles Eldridge and Stephan Gould

74
Q

Who founded Gradualism

A

Charles Darwin

75
Q

Define Adaptive Radiation

A

Process in which organisms diversity rapidly form an central species into a multitude of new forms

76
Q

True or false
Adaptive radiations in the fossil record support the concept of punctuated equilibrium

A

True

77
Q

What are 3 key questions to Origins of Life on Earth

A

1) What are the necessary materials for life to commence?

2) What would the environment have to be like?

3) What makes the earth so epochal in the sense that life was able to begin and persist here

78
Q

What happens in the Hadean Eon

A

-Formation of the planets and solar system

-Massive outgassing
-Birth of granite rocks

79
Q

Progression of the Hadean Eon (list out chart of 6)

A

Earth Coalescing –> Water –> Moon –> Core Accretion –> Magnetic Field –> Late Bombardment

80
Q

What is important to know about water in the Hadean Eon

A

-Its water vapor only in the atmosphere

-Not on the surface of the earth

81
Q

What are the 3 hypotheses regarding the formation of earth’s moon

A

1) Co-Formation Theory
2) Capture Theory
3) Giant Impact Hypothesis

82
Q

Describe the Co-Formation Theory

A

Earth’s density is much greater than the moon (density issue)

83
Q

Describe the Capture Theory

A

As solar debris was passing earth, earth captured the debris, issue is the earth is a sphere and would be a weird shape

84
Q

Describe the Giant Impact Hypothesis

A

Something as big as mars collided into each, debris spread out around the earth in a ring shape, molten debris eventually formed into moon for our each (Most supported)

85
Q

What are the Moons of Mars

A

Phobos
Deimos

86
Q

The Origin of Earth’s Magnetic Field

A

The spinning of the metallic inner core and convection currents in the metallic outer core create a magnetic field around the earth

87
Q

Why was the creation of the earth’s magnetosphere a necessary precursor for the origin of life

A

Emits gamma rays and solar rays, so strong it would immediately destroy everything but earth’s magnetic field bounces it back to protect our planet

88
Q

What happens in the Archean Eon

A

-Origins of continental land masses
-Origin of earth’s oceans
-Origin of very simple life: such as bacteria

89
Q

Progression of the Archean Eon (list our chart of 7)

A

First Oceans –> DNA –> Tectonic Activity –> First Continent –> Prokaryote Bacteria –> Banded Iron Formation –> Great Oxygenation Event

90
Q

Earliest Climatic Conditions: Archean

A

-First atmosphere on earth was a mix of gaseous hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (Not much free oxygen)

-Water evaporated until the crust cooled, after which the early seas formed; water is necessary for the formation of membranes and formation of cells

91
Q

What is the name of the Sweidish chemist that proposed in 1908 that life is ubiquitous in the universe and that the spies or “seeds of life” were delivered to the earth by chance

A

Svante Arrgenius

92
Q

Considering Accidental Panspermia: Organic Molecules in Meteorites

A

Central Idea: Simple organic molecules from which life was built may have formed in space than fallen to earth

93
Q

Describe the Oparin-Haldane Model
(The early precursors to life originated on the earth’s surface(

A

Stanley miller’s experiment: Water, methane, hydrogen, and ammonia + energy source + amino acids and other small organic compounds

94
Q

Where could Stanley Millers experiment on amino acids occur

A

1) Hydrothermal vents; amino acids will condense into protein structures when heated in water

2) Complex proteins in clay of tidal flats; surface was moist and allowed molecules to “stick”

95
Q

Describe Clay Tidal Flats

A

Adhering to clay helps a growing polymer avoid being broken apart by hydrolysis; allows for synthesis of polymers, repeated units

96
Q

Define First Protocells

A

Transitional forms between chemical evolution

97
Q

Define Monomers

A

The abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides; basic building blocks of biomolecules

98
Q

Define Polymers

A

The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins

99
Q

Define Membranes

A

The packaging of these molecules into :protobionts

100
Q

Define Mitosis/ True Cellular Life

A

The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

101
Q

When were the first true cells found

A

The Archean Eon

102
Q

What are some of the First True Cells

A

The development of photosynthesis and stromatolites (fossils of cyanobacteria)- most abundant evidence of early prokaryotic life

103
Q

First living thing is known as what

A

The Primordial form or IDA (initial darwinian ancestor)

104
Q

What does LUCA stand for

A

Last universal common ancestor

105
Q

True or False
LUCA was thought to be a DNA system

A

False, it was thought to be an RNA system, defying the central dogma in biology

106
Q

Define RNA World Hypothesis

A

An RNA-based living system that later evolved into life forms seen today in which DNA stores biological information

107
Q

Bacteria and Archaea originated in what eon

A

The Archaean Eon

108
Q

Eukarya originated in wat eon

A

The Proterozoic Eon

109
Q

What happens in the Proterozoic Eon

A

-Massive continent known as Rodinia

-Oxygen continues to accumulate in the earth’s atmosphere (bad news for some) The oxygen crisis

-Multi-cellular eukaryotic cells becomes possible with the additional production of cellular energy

110
Q

Progression of the Proterozoic Eon (list our chart of 5)

A

Oxygen Crisis –> First Eukaryotes –> Snowball Earth –> Multicellular Life –> Ozone Stabilization

111
Q

Adaptive Radiation: The Avalon Explosion

A

-Ediacaran Fauna

-First major adpative radiation of animal life

Evolution (7 decks)

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