Test 3

Question 1

During ventricular fibrillation, there is no coordinated ventricular contraction. What effect does this have on cardiac output?

Answer 1

no cardiac output

Question 2

If the SA node stopped functioning what result would you see on the EKG?

Answer 2

P waves absent, hrt ~50 bpm

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE: The refractory period in a cardiac muscle fiber lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In cardiomyocytes action potentials, voltage gated Na+ channels are in ___ cells open during ___

Answer 4

contractile; depolarization

Question 5

In the myocardium, voltage-gated K+ channels in ___ cells and contribute to the ___ phase of the action potential

Answer 5

autorhythmic and contractile; repolarization

Question 6

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?

Answer 6

atrioventricular septum

Question 7

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?

Answer 7

right atrium

Question 8

What is the correct order of valves through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?

Answer 8

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

Question 9

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

Answer 9

mitral

Question 10

What is not an important factor when preventing the backflow of blood?

Answer 10

endocardium

Question 11

The right ventricle pumps ___ blood into the ___ circulation

Answer 11

deoxygenated; pulmonary

Question 12

In smooth muscle, Ca2+ for concentration comes from

Answer 12

extracellular fluid and the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

True or False: Troponin plays the same role in smooth muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction

Answer 13

False

Question 14

How do skeletal muscle fibers in the legs of a marathon runner differ from those of a sprinter who runs the 100-meter dash?

Answer 14

longer and thinner muscle fibers, mostly oxidative fibers, higher mitochondrial content, and less likely to fatigue

Question 15

What is a potential energy source for an athlete sprinting the 40-yard dash?

Answer 15

phosphocreatine

Question 16

Drug “X” inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction. What effect will drug “X” have on the membrane potential of the muscle fiber?

Answer 16

It would remain depolarized

Question 17

When skeletal muscles lengthen, sarcomeres

Answer 17

lengthen

Question 18

True or False: The length of the I band remains constant when the sarcomere shortens

Answer 18

FALSE

Question 19

Acetylcholine receptor-channels allow diffusion of ___ when open

Answer 19

both Na+ and K+

Question 20

In hyperkalemia (increased K+ conc.), the resting membrane potential of a muscle fiber is ___ negative and ___ likely to depolarize

Answer 20

less; more

Question 21

What allows action potentials to move rapidly from the cell surface into the interior?

Answer 21

T-tubules

Question 22

What characteristics differentiates skeletal muscle from both cardiac and smooth muscle?

Answer 22

multinucleated fibers and stimulated by somatic motor neurons

Question 23

If a neuron releases norepinephrine, it is part of which division of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 23

sympathetic

Question 24

If a neuron releases acetylcholine, it is part of which division of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 24

parasympathetic

Question 25

Which physiological responses results from sympathetic action?

Answer 25

increase in heart rate constriction of arterioles stimulation of glycogenolysis

Question 26

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system have which properties?

Answer 26

up-down regulation by tonic control antagonistic control chemical signals with different effects in different tissues preservation of homeostasis

Question 27

The sympathetic nervous system originates in the ___ region(s) of the spinal cord

Answer 27

thoracic and lumbar

Question 28

The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the ___ region(s) of the spinal cord

Answer 28

sacral

Question 29

The parasympathetic nervous system has ___ preganglionic and ___ postganglionic nerve fibers

Answer 29

long; short

Question 30

The neurotransmitter in the synapse between pre- and postganglionic autonomic neurons is

Answer 30

acetylcholine

Question 31

The neurotransmitter norephinephrine is made from

Answer 31

tyrosine

Question 32

The receptor found on most parasympathetic target cells is

Answer 32

muscarinic cholinergic

Question 33

True or False: The ligand ACh binds to receptor Nicotinic cholinergic

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or False: Ligand norephinephrine binds to receptor muscarinic choligernic

Answer 34

False

Question 35

What is an example of a parasympathetic response?

Answer 35

Increased secretion og digestive enzymes

Question 36

True or False: pH is a sensory stimuli for chemoreceptors

Answer 36

True

Question 37

True or False: Osmolarity is a sensory stimuli for chemoreceptors

Answer 37

False

Question 38

If you close your eyes and reach forward with one hand, you will know the position of that hand because of ___ activation

Answer 38

proprioceptor

Question 39

Which receptors fire rapidly when first activated, then slowly and maintain their firing as long as the stimulus is present?

Answer 39

tonic receptors

Question 40

What stimuli correspond for the taste of sweet?

Answer 40

GPRC, gustducin, glucose

Question 41

What stimuli correspond for the taste of umami?

Answer 41

glutamate, GPRC, gustducin

Question 42

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) used as a food additive stimulates which taste sensation?

Answer 42

umami

Question 43

What directs sound into the ear?

Answer 43

the pinna

Question 44

What separates the inner ear from the middle ear?

Answer 44

The oval window and round window

Question 45

What structure in the middle ear amplifies soundwaves?

Answer 45

ear bones

Question 46

What structure changes soundwaves into physical vibration?

Answer 46

the tympanic membrane

Question 47

What is pitch?

Answer 47

frequency of sound and location on cochlear duct

Question 48

what is loudness?

Answer 48

frequency of action potential (or amplitude)

Question 49

True or False: Soundwaves change both frequency and amplitude

Answer 49

True

Question 50

True or false: Sensory neuron action potentials for sound change amplitude

Answer 50

False

Question 51

What is conductive hearing loss?

Answer 51

no transmission through either external or middle ear (maybe due to scar tissue, wax buildup, results in no sound down channel)

Question 52

What is central hearing loss?

Answer 52

Damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex or damage to cortex itself (need cochlear implants)

Question 53

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 53

Damage to structures of inner ear (hair damage)

Question 54

Which of the otolith organs provides info for horizontal positioning?

Answer 54

Saccule

Question 55

Which of the otolith organs provides info for vertical positioning?

Answer 55

Utricle

Question 56

The organ of Corti sends electrical signals about sound to the brain. The perceived pitch of a sound is determined by the ___

Answer 56

location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane

Question 57

Listening to loud music, especially through headphones, can eventually lead to irreversible ___ hearing loss

Answer 57

Sensorineural

Question 58

When the cillary muscle is ___, the ligaments pull on and ___ the lens

Answer 58

relaxed; flatten

Question 59

When ciliary muscle contracts, it ___ tension on the ligaments and the lens becomes more ____

Answer 59

releases; rounded

Question 60

What is hyperopia?

Answer 60

far-sighted-ness (focal point behind retina)

Question 61

What is myopia?

Answer 61

nearsightedness (focal point in front of retina)

Question 62

What is presbyopia?

Answer 62

When there is a loss of felxibility in the eye

Question 63

What is the ratio of cones to sensory neurons?

Answer 63

1:1

Question 64

What is the ratio of rods to sensory neurons?

Answer 64

2-3:1

Question 65

What type of cell is in both retinal and olfactory?

Answer 65

Bipolar cells

Question 66

When is rhodospin inactive?

Answer 66

in darkness

Question 67

A person with defective cones will have trouble

Answer 67

distinguishing colors

Question 68

The loss of accomidation as we age is called

Answer 68

presbyopia