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Animal Physiology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

During ventricular fibrillation, there is no coordinated ventricular contraction. What effect does this have on cardiac output?

A

no cardiac output

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2
Q

If the SA node stopped functioning what result would you see on the EKG?

A

P waves absent, hrt ~50 bpm

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The refractory period in a cardiac muscle fiber lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch

A

True

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4
Q

In cardiomyocytes action potentials, voltage gated Na+ channels are in ___ cells open during ___

A

contractile; depolarization

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5
Q

In the myocardium, voltage-gated K+ channels in ___ cells and contribute to the ___ phase of the action potential

A

autorhythmic and contractile; repolarization

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6
Q

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?

A

atrioventricular septum

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7
Q

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?

A

right atrium

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8
Q

What is the correct order of valves through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?

A

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

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9
Q

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

A

mitral

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10
Q

What is not an important factor when preventing the backflow of blood?

A

endocardium

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11
Q

The right ventricle pumps ___ blood into the ___ circulation

A

deoxygenated; pulmonary

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12
Q

In smooth muscle, Ca2+ for concentration comes from

A

extracellular fluid and the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

True or False: Troponin plays the same role in smooth muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction

A

False

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14
Q

How do skeletal muscle fibers in the legs of a marathon runner differ from those of a sprinter who runs the 100-meter dash?

A

longer and thinner muscle fibers, mostly oxidative fibers, higher mitochondrial content, and less likely to fatigue

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15
Q

What is a potential energy source for an athlete sprinting the 40-yard dash?

A

phosphocreatine

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16
Q

Drug “X” inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction. What effect will drug “X” have on the membrane potential of the muscle fiber?

A

It would remain depolarized

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17
Q

When skeletal muscles lengthen, sarcomeres

A

lengthen

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18
Q

True or False: The length of the I band remains constant when the sarcomere shortens

A

FALSE

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19
Q

Acetylcholine receptor-channels allow diffusion of ___ when open

A

both Na+ and K+

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20
Q

In hyperkalemia (increased K+ conc.), the resting membrane potential of a muscle fiber is ___ negative and ___ likely to depolarize

A

less; more

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21
Q

What allows action potentials to move rapidly from the cell surface into the interior?

A

T-tubules

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22
Q

What characteristics differentiates skeletal muscle from both cardiac and smooth muscle?

A

multinucleated fibers and stimulated by somatic motor neurons

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23
Q

If a neuron releases norepinephrine, it is part of which division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

sympathetic

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24
Q

If a neuron releases acetylcholine, it is part of which division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

parasympathetic

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25
Q

Which physiological responses results from sympathetic action?

A

increase in heart rate
constriction of arterioles
stimulation of glycogenolysis

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26
Q

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system have which properties?

A

up-down regulation by tonic control
antagonistic control
chemical signals with different effects in different tissues
preservation of homeostasis

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27
Q

The sympathetic nervous system originates in the ___ region(s) of the spinal cord

A

thoracic and lumbar

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28
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the ___ region(s) of the spinal cord

A

sacral

29
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system has ___ preganglionic and ___ postganglionic nerve fibers

A

long; short

30
Q

The neurotransmitter in the synapse between pre- and postganglionic autonomic neurons is

A

acetylcholine

31
Q

The neurotransmitter norephinephrine is made from

A

tyrosine

32
Q

The receptor found on most parasympathetic target cells is

A

muscarinic cholinergic

33
Q

True or False: The ligand ACh binds to receptor Nicotinic cholinergic

A

True

34
Q

True or False: Ligand norephinephrine binds to receptor muscarinic choligernic

A

False

35
Q

What is an example of a parasympathetic response?

A

Increased secretion og digestive enzymes

36
Q

True or False: pH is a sensory stimuli for chemoreceptors

A

True

37
Q

True or False: Osmolarity is a sensory stimuli for chemoreceptors

A

False

38
Q

If you close your eyes and reach forward with one hand, you will know the position of that hand because of ___ activation

A

proprioceptor

39
Q

Which receptors fire rapidly when first activated, then slowly and maintain their firing as long as the stimulus is present?

A

tonic receptors

40
Q

What stimuli correspond for the taste of sweet?

A

GPRC, gustducin, glucose

41
Q

What stimuli correspond for the taste of umami?

A

glutamate, GPRC, gustducin

42
Q

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) used as a food additive stimulates which taste sensation?

A

umami

43
Q

What directs sound into the ear?

A

the pinna

44
Q

What separates the inner ear from the middle ear?

A

The oval window and round window

45
Q

What structure in the middle ear amplifies soundwaves?

A

ear bones

46
Q

What structure changes soundwaves into physical vibration?

A

the tympanic membrane

47
Q

What is pitch?

A

frequency of sound and location on cochlear duct

48
Q

what is loudness?

A

frequency of action potential (or amplitude)

49
Q

True or False: Soundwaves change both frequency and amplitude

A

True

50
Q

True or false: Sensory neuron action potentials for sound change amplitude

A

False

51
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

no transmission through either external or middle ear (maybe due to scar tissue, wax buildup, results in no sound down channel)

52
Q

What is central hearing loss?

A

Damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex or damage to cortex itself (need cochlear implants)

53
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Damage to structures of inner ear (hair damage)

54
Q

Which of the otolith organs provides info for horizontal positioning?

A

Saccule

55
Q

Which of the otolith organs provides info for vertical positioning?

A

Utricle

56
Q

The organ of Corti sends electrical signals about sound to the brain. The perceived pitch of a sound is determined by the ___

A

location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane

57
Q

Listening to loud music, especially through headphones, can eventually lead to irreversible ___ hearing loss

A

Sensorineural

58
Q

When the cillary muscle is ___, the ligaments pull on and ___ the lens

A

relaxed; flatten

59
Q

When ciliary muscle contracts, it ___ tension on the ligaments and the lens becomes more ____

A

releases; rounded

60
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

far-sighted-ness (focal point behind retina)

61
Q

What is myopia?

A

nearsightedness (focal point in front of retina)

62
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

When there is a loss of felxibility in the eye

63
Q

What is the ratio of cones to sensory neurons?

A

1:1

64
Q

What is the ratio of rods to sensory neurons?

A

2-3:1

65
Q

What type of cell is in both retinal and olfactory?

A

Bipolar cells

66
Q

When is rhodospin inactive?

A

in darkness

67
Q

A person with defective cones will have trouble

A

distinguishing colors

68
Q

The loss of accomidation as we age is called

A

presbyopia

69
Q
A

Animal Physiology (3 decks)

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