Unit 1 - Chps. 1, 5-7, and 23

Question 1

List the three chemical classes of hormones and provide an example of each

Answer 1

A. Peptide Hormone (ex. insulin, HGH, glucagon)
B. Steroid (ex. estrogen, testosterone, cortisol)
C. Amino acid (ex. Dopamine, catecholamine, epiniphrine)

Question 2

How are peptide hormones synthsized and stored?

Answer 2

Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles

Question 3

How are steroid hormones synthesized and stored?

Answer 3

Made on demand, cannot be stored since lipid-soluble

Question 4

How are peptide hormones released from parent cells?

Answer 4

Through exocytosis

Question 5

How are steroid hormones released from parent cells?

Answer 5

Through simple diffusion

Question 6

Where are the receptors for peptide hormones?

Answer 6

On the cell membrane

Question 7

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones?

Answer 7

In the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 8

How are amino acid hormones synthesized and stored?

Answer 8

Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles.

Question 9

How are amino acid hormones released from parent cells?

Answer 9

Catecholamines - through exocytosis
Thyroid hormones - through transport proteins

Question 10

Where are the receptors for catecholamine amino acid hormones?

Answer 10

On the cell membrane

Question 11

Where are the receptors for thyroid (amino acid) hormones?

Answer 11

On the promoter region of DNA

Question 12

How are peptide hormones transported through the blood?

Answer 12

They are dissolved in plasma

Question 13

How are catecholamine hormones transported through the blood?

Answer 13

They are dissolved in plasma

Question 14

How are thryoid hormones transported through the blood?

Answer 14

They are bound to carrier proteins

Question 15

How are steroid hormones transported through the blood?

Answer 15

They are bound to carrier proteins

Question 16

What is the half-life of a peptide hormone?

Answer 16

Short half-life

Question 17

What is the half-life of a catecholamine hormone?

Answer 17

Short half-life

Question 18

What is the half-life of a thyroid hormone?

Answer 18

Long half-life

Question 19

What is the half-life of a steroid hormone?

Answer 19

Long half-life

Question 20

What is the receptor type and action for peptide hormones?

Answer 20

Activation of second messengers through GPCR and IP3 pathway

Question 21

What is the receptor type and action for catecholamine hormones?

Answer 21

Activation of second messengers

Question 22

What is the receptor type and action for thyroid hormones?

Answer 22

Activation of gene transcription and translation

Question 23

What is the receptor type and action for steroid hormones?

Answer 23

Activation of gene transcription and translation; may have nongenomic actions

Question 24

What is the general target response for peptide hormones?

Answer 24

Modify existing proteins and induce new protein synthesis

Question 25

What is the general target response for catecholamine hormones?

Answer 25

Modify existing proteins

Question 26

What is the general target response for thyroid hormones?

Answer 26

Induction of new proteins

Question 27

What is the general target response for steroid hormones?

Answer 27

Induction of new proteins

Question 28

Where are hormones such as TRH, CRH, GHRH and dopamine produced?

Answer 28

Hypothalamus

Question 29

Where are hormones such as TSH, ACTH, GH, and LH produced?

Answer 29

Anterior Pit.

Question 30

Where are the hormones Oxytocin and ADH produced?

Answer 30

Posterior Pit.

Question 31

Where are the hormones T3 and T4 produced?

Answer 31

Thyroid

Question 32

Where is the hormone PTH produced?

Answer 32

Parathyroid

Question 33

Where are hormones Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin produced?

Answer 33

Pancreas

Question 34

Where are the hormones Cortisol, Aldosterone, and Adrenal Androgens produced?

Answer 34

Adrenal Cortex

Question 35

Where are the hormones Epinephrine and Norepinephrine produced?

Answer 35

Adrenal Medulla

Question 36

Where is the hormone melatonin produced?

Answer 36

Pineal gland

Question 37

What tissue is the posterior pituitary gland made of?

Answer 37

Nervous tissue, secretes neurohormones

Question 38

What is the neurohypophysis?

Answer 38

Another name for the posterior pituitary gland

Question 39

What is the adenohypophysis (or pars distal)?

Answer 39

Another name for the anterior pituitary gland

Question 40

What tissue is the anterior pituitary gland made of?

Answer 40

Epithelial glandular tissue

Question 41

What is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain?

Answer 41

the Infunidibulum

Question 42

What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 42

a portal system

Question 43

What cells release the anterior pit. hormones?

Answer 43

Endocrine cells

Question 44

What is the target of the prolactin hormone?

Answer 44

Mammary glands

Question 45

What is the target of GH?

Answer 45

Musculoskeletal system

Question 46

What is the target of TSH?

Answer 46

Thyroid gland

Question 47

What is the target of ACTH?

Answer 47

Adrenal cortex

Question 48

What is the target of LH?

Answer 48

Ovary

Question 49

What is the target of FSH?

Answer 49

Testis

Question 50

What is synergism?

Answer 50

When 2 hormones have a combined effect that is greater than the additive of their isolated response

Question 51

What is permissiveness?

Answer 51

When one hormone allows another hormone to exert its full effect

Question 52

What are antagoinstic hormones?

Answer 52

Hormones that have opposing effects

Question 53

Hypersecretion

Answer 53

excess hormone, exagerates a hormone's effect (caused by tumors)

Question 54

Hyposecretion

Answer 54

deficient hormone, diminshes or eliminates a hormone's effect (caused by decreased synthesis)

Question 55

Down-regulation

Answer 55

Decreased number of receptors in response to abnormal high hormone levels

Question 56

Pathway of Dopamine

Answer 56

Hypothalamus -- > Dopamine Anterior Pit. --> Prolactin Mammary glands --> secrete milk

Question 57

Pathway of TRH

Answer 57

Hypothalamus --> TRH Anterior Pit. --> TSH Thyroid gland --> T3, T4

Question 58

Pathway of CRH

Answer 58

Hypothalamus --> CRH Anterior Pit. --> ACTH Adrenal Cortex --> Cortisol

Question 59

Pathway of Somatostatin

Answer 59

Hypothalamus --> Somatostatin Anterior Pit. --> GH Liver --> IGFs

Question 60

Pathway of GHRH

Answer 60

Hypothalamus --> GHRH Anterior Pit. --> GH Liver --> IGFs

Question 61

Pathway of GnRH

Answer 61

Hypothalamus --> GnRH Anterior Pit. --> Gonadotropins (FSH/LH) 1) Germ cells 2) Testes --> Androgens 3) Ovary --> Estrogen & Progestrone